It is generally agreed that the maximum packet lifetime on the Internet is roughly 2 minutes; i.e., either the packet ar

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It is generally agreed that the maximum packet lifetime on theInternet is roughly 2 minutes; i.e., either the packet arrives atthe destination before that, or the TTL will have killed the packetby then. We know that the sequence number in TCP counts transmittedoctets over a connection and wraps around once it reaches thelargest possible sequence number.
a) Calculate how long it will take for a TCP connection to wraparound over i) 56 Kbps modem (old networks), ii) 10 Gbps network(today’s networks). For simplicity, ignore lower layer protocols’(IP, Ethernet, …) overhead.
b) Explain why delayed/duplicate packets, such as those causingthe Incorrect Duplicate Detection problem, suddenly become aserious problem for today’s networks and not for the oldnetworks.
c) RFC 7323 suggests using PAWS (Protect Against WrappedSequences), whereby a 32-bit timestamp, set in the TCP header’soptions field by the sender, is used to detect duplicates. Explainin 1 or 2 sentences (no fine details, just high level) how atimestamp would enable the receiver to detect duplicates.
d) For the timestamp to work, do the sender’s and the receiver’sclocks need to be synchronized? Why?