4. Monitoring environmental quality A country's gross domestic product (GDP) is the total market value of all goods and

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4. Monitoring environmental quality A country's gross domestic product (GDP) is the total market value of all goods and services produced within that country in a year. An environmental indicator, known as the genuine progress indicator (GPI), is the country's GDP plus the value of beneficial services that occur outside of the formal marketplace minus the external costs of environmental and social harm caused within the country. Which of these factors might be included in a country's GPI but not in its GDP? Check all that apply. A neighborhood bar features free, live music, which disturbs the neighbors. A city resident sweeps trash off the street. A family donates used clothes to a homeless shelter. A school janitor sweeps trash off the playground. A noisy bar owner hires a technician to install soundproofing in response to complaints from neighbors.
In 2008, the Canadian province of British Columbia implemented a green tax on all purchases and use of fossil fuels within the province. The tax, also called the carbon tax, is designed to act as a tax shift: All of the money collected through the carbon tax is returned to taxpayers through reductions in other taxes. Read the following excerpts from newspaper and magazine commentary on the carbon tax. While the economic effects of the tax have been negligible, "They will try to make it revenue-neutral, but you wind up the environmental impacts are expected to be positive. The with that not having any effect on people's pocketbooks," province's economic modeling projects that the policy will [U.B.C. professor Bill] Rees said, "So if I have to spend a lower greenhouse gas emissions by about 5 per cent. It is too little bit more over here because I save a little bit over here- early to say exactly how much reduction has happened so far because they give a little back in the form of lower income -in part because Canada has not yet released carbon tax-then you may well neutralize the effect of the carbon. emissions data for 2009, and because the current level of the tax, in that people go and spend the money on something tax is still quite low (about four cents per litre of gas). else that may not be fossil fuel." But common sense tells us that people use less oll, gas and coal as their costs rise. And there are lots of examples of this happening. At U.B.C. [the University of British Columbia], for example, the tax provides a $43-million incentive to reduce fossil fuel consumption; enough money to justify a major investment in ground source heat pumps, high efficiency windows, and other energy efficiency retrofits. -Stewart Elgie, Nic Rivers, and Nancy Olewiler "B.C.'s Carbon Tax Is Looking Like a Winner" Ottawa Citizen, July 27, 2010 "We should generally be oriented toward shrinking our ecological footprint in Canada by 80 percent," he said. "So 80 percent is the reduction in consumption, particularly of fossil energy and many materials related to it. That is the rule for the rich countries and it is also what the I.P.C.C. [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] says. So if this [tax] does not have the effect of very significant reductions in consumption, it won't have done its job," -Matthew Burrows. "Activists Say B.C. Carbon Tax Is Far Too Modest. The Georgia Straight, February 1, 2008
C Why the carbon tax isn't reducing consumption is simple. Increasing the price without providing drivers with more options on how to reduce their use of fuel doesn't work. The B.C. carbon tax introduced with great fanfare by former B.C. Liberal premier Gordon Campbell is supposed to be revenue neutral, offsetting the increased cost of gas and other fuels with personal and corporate income tax cuts. That means the nearly $1 billion in extra gas taxes annually doesn't fund public transit at all, nor does it provide financial incentives to buy more fuel-efficient vehicles, make your home more energy efficient or fund other environmental projects. -Bill Tieleman. "B.CS Carbon Tax Doesn't Work." The Tyee, July 12, 2011. Choose the excerpt that supports each of the following statements. D Excerpt A There are uncertainties about whether the tax will peter out in British Columbia, with many saying that one province in Canada cannot continue moving forward unilaterally on a global policy problem. "If the rest of the planet does nothing, we should just have a party," said Mark Jaccard, a professor at Simon Fraser University who consulted government advisers on the tax. "British Columbia's emissions are too small to do this alone." -Christa Marshall. "British Columbia Survives 3 Years and $848 Million Worth of Carbon Taxes." New York Times, March 22, 2011. The carbon tax provides a financial incentive for institutions to invest in infrastructure improvements that reduce carbon emissions.
Choose the excerpt that supports each of the following statements. The carbon tax provides a financial incentive for institutions to invest in infrastructure improvements that reduce carbon emissions. Excerpt A Excerpt B Excerpt C Excerpt D The carbon tax might be more effective if it were coupled with improvements to public transit and other alternatives to wasteful behaviors. Excerpt C Excerpt A Excerpt Bi OExcerpt D The carbon tax is not steep enough to promote the necessary changes in fossil fuel consumption. Excerpt B Excerpt A. Excerpt C Excerpt D Changing consumption behavior in British Columbia will, by itself, have almost no impact on global climate trends. Excerpt D
ols The carbon tax is not steep enough to promote the necessary changes in fossil fuel consumption. Excerpt B Excerpt A Excerpt C Excerpt D Changing consumption behavior in British Columbia will, by itself, have almost no impact on global climate trends. Excerpt D Excerpt A Excerpt B Excerpt C The carbon tax seems not to have hurt tritish Columbia's economy. Excerpt A Excerpt B Excerpt C Excerpt D