I am a student in need of help

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GLG 100 Lab: Ocean Characteristics Part One: Using Sonar to Map the Ocean Floor Coast Continental Shelf The ocean basin is comprised of a variety of topography features. The study of the topography of the sea floor is called "bathymetry". One of the technologies used to take bathymetric measurements is using sonar. Sonar (Sound Navigation And Ranging) is a form of echolocation, where a machine is used to send out sound waves that bounce (reflect) off of surfaces and return to the machine. Knowing the velocity, or speed of sound waves in water (this is based on the composition and temperature of the water), as well as the length of time it takes for the sound waves to return to the machine can be jointly used to determine the distance of the ocean floor from the surface. This procedure allows scientists to picture the topography of the ocean floor. --or-another way to write this is: d= v* 0.5 (t) Continental Slope Using sonar reflection time, ocean depth can be determined using the following echolocation formula: d=v*0.5 (t) d = 1609 m/s * 0.5(0.2 seconds) d = 1609 m/s * 0.1 seconds d = 160.9 meters Continental Rise d=v* ½ (t) d = Distance (measured in meters (m)) t = Time it takes to return (measured in seconds (s)) v = Velocity of sound in water (measured in meters per second (m/s)). Note: while this number is dependent on the temperature and composition of water, we will use the following average speed for ocean water in all questions for this activity, which is 1609 m/s. Lab: Ocean Characteristics 1. If a sonar pulse takes 0.2 seconds to return to a ship after bouncing of an object underwater, how far away is the object? Show your calculation below and remember to use the constant speed for ocean water as 1609 m/s. This problems has been done for you as an example. 2. In the "Ocean Basin Depths Table", located on the next page, fill in the last column, titled, "Depth to Ocean Floor" by using the echolocation formula and the information provided in the table. 3. Once you have completed the "Ocean Basin Depths Table, use that information to create a graph (provided on the next page), titled, "Mid-Ocean Ridge Graph". To do this, you will plot the 'Distance from Shore' data on the x-axis, and on the y-axis, you will plot the 'Depth to Ocean Floor" data. Remember to properly label each axis with correct units. Once completed, you should be able to see a mid-ocean ridge, just as the scientists first used this new technology! when they Ocean 1/8
Distance from Shore (km) This information is only used on the graph below. 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000 4200 Ocean Basin Depths Table Time for Sonar to Return (s) 2.98 3.85 4.97 5.84 6.34 7.33 6.96 6.59 6.46 7.21 6.84 6.22 5.22 4.60 3.11 Mid-Ocean Ridge Graph Depth to Ocean Floor (m) Use formula: d=v*0.5(1) 2397.41 meters d=v*0.5 (1) 1009 d=2397.41 meters 0.5(2.98 seconds)
Part Two: Ocean Profile Use the word bank given below to assign labels to the features in the "Ocean Basin" diagram. 3. 1. What is the name of feature numbered 1?_ 4. 5. 6. Abyssal plain Trench Continental Slope 2. What is the name of feature numbered 2? What is the name of feature numbered 3? What is the name of feature numbered 4? Continental-Oceanic Crust Boundary What is the name of feature numbered 5? What is the name of feature numbered 6?_ What is the name of feature numbered 7? What is the name of feature numbered 8? 9. What is the name of feature numbered 9? 10. The right and left portions of the "Ocean Basin" diagram show the general characteristics of the ocean bottom in coastal areas that are either tectonically passive or active. 7. Continental Shelf Continental rise Volcanic island 8. Ocean Basin Mid-oceanic ridge Seamount Continental-oceanic crust boundary a. Does the right side of this diagram represent an active or passive continental margin? AND-Is this similar to the East Coast of North America or the West Coast of North America? b. Does the left side of the diagram represent an active or passive continental margin? AND--Is this similar to the East Coast of North America or the West Coast of North America?
Part Three: Surface Currents This activity is adapted from the Surface Ocean Currents and Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions Activity created at Stanford University. Background: Oceanographers can use drifter buoys, which are released into the ocean to float with currents and take measurements along the way with built-in instruments. These buoys send their data up to satellites several times per day, allowing us to have near real- time analyses on oceanographic conditions. One phenomenon depicted by the movement of the buoys facilitated by the ocean currents are sets of currents that collectively rotate clockwise or counter-clockwise taking a large spiral path. Such collective sets of currents are called gyres. Use the "Surface Currents Map" located on the next page to answer the following questions: 11. Find the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre on the "Surface Current Map". This is a clockwise-moving gyre that runs along the equator, up the side of Asia and Japan, and returns to North America. a. During this process, it moves along the coast of California. Do you think it carries warm or cold water past California? b. What ocean surface currents are part of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre? 12. The oceans play a large role in influencing the Earth's temperature due to their large capacity for heat storage. Locate the Gulf Stream on the map of surface currents. The Gulf Stream is in part responsible for moderating (it's warmer here than other locations at the same latitude) the weather on the east coast of North America and in Europe. Why is this? (Hint: where does the Gulf Stream originate?) 13. Name the current that most influences the weather in western Africa. Does the qualities of this current make this area of Africa hotter or colder than you would otherwise expect?
Surface Currents Map Leeuwin Warm current Cold current Kuroshio C a E. Australian C. (West Wind D East Wind Dri 140 Oyasho C 180° ARCTIC OCEAN N. Pacific C Subtropical Gyro Equator - Tropic of Cancer N. Equatorial C Eq. Counter C 140 Subtropical Gyre Catoria C S. Equatorial C PACIFIC OCEAN Tropic of Capricom Antarctic Circumpclar Current (West Wind Crit 100 East Wind Drit Peru C eenland N. Atlantic C Subtropical Gyre ATLANTIC OCEAN N. Equatorial C Brazil C Sub- poler Gyne - S. Equatorial C Subpolar Gyre Canary C.7 Eq Counter C Subpolar Gyre Subtropical Gyre - Agulhas Antarctic Circumpots Current Antarctic Circle East-Wind Brit Equatorial C Eq. Counter C S. Equatorial C INDIAN 20 OCEAN Subtropical Gyre 60 W. Australian C
Part Four: Ocean Temperature Gradient The absorption and transportation of heat energy around the planet is, perhaps, one of the most important processes that the ocean performs. Nearly 75% of the sun's energy that reaches the earth is absorbed by the oceans. Much of this solar radiation heats the oceans' surface water with invisible infrared rays and is quickly absorbed within a few meters of the water's surface. As water depth increases, the penetrating sunlight is reduced, thus limiting the amount of solar heating. For this reason, the temperature of the water drops sharply as the depth increases. This zone of rapid temperature change, called a thermocline, is usually found not far beneath the ocean surface and forms a boundary between the warm surface waters and the cold, deep layers below. In this activity, you will explore the temperature gradient created in the ocean (or deep lake waters) as a result of solar heating. PROCEDURE Note: This has an online interactive component. Increasing Depth (m) ↓ 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 Increasing Temperature (C) 12 Thermocline Thermocline Graph 1. Record the initial starting temperature for each thermometer (to the nearest degree) in the "Thermocline Data Table", given below. 20 2. Position the heat lamp over the water tank at a height about 15 cm above the water level. Check the distance with your ruler. Turn on the heat lamp and start your stop watch. 3. Carefully measure and record the temperature of each thermometer every two minutes. Record your readings in the "Thermocline Data Table". Continue the readings at two minute intervals for a total of 20 minutes. At the end of this period, turn the lamp off. 24"
Time Elapsed (mins.) Start (0 mins.) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Questions: Thermometer #1 (1 cm) Thermocline Data Table Thermometer #2 (2 cm) Thermometer #3 (3 cm) 14. Why were the thermometers placed at different levels in the water tank? Thermometer #4 (4 cm) 15. From your observations, which thermometer showed the greatest change in temperature? How do you explain this result? 16. Which thermometer displayed the least change in temperature? Why? Lab: Ocean Characteristics 17. Between what two successive depth ranges did the temperature appear rapidly? 18. What the zone of rapid temperature change called? Thermometer #5 (5 cm) 19. What happened to the heat energy as it traveled through the water? change most 7/8 20. The water used to fill your water tank was clear. Describe how you think your results might change if water containing a large amount of suspended material were used? 21. Suppose you left the heat lamp on for a longer period of time. How would this likely affect the location of the thermocline (would it extend more deeply or be located closer to the surface)?