- True Or False Please Answer True Or False 1 (122.67 KiB) Viewed 48 times
T TI F T F T F T т F F T T T T F F F F T F e. If in Question d above there were 32,333 people in the 60+ group and 1000 in the other groups, then the SMR would be 1.0. f. If the exposed and unexposed populations have different age distributions but the risk or rate of disease Z doesn't vary by age, then age-adjusted and unadjusted measures of exposure-disease Z associations will be similar. g. Prevalent cases of the disease of interest (i.e, the outcome event) should be excluded from the study population at baseline in cohort studies. h. Cohort study populations must have differences in exposure levels between individuals. i. Comparing the risk of disease in workers exposed to an þccupational exposure with the risk of disease in the general population would result in a more valid estimate of exposure effect than a comparison with the risk in other (unexposed) workers. j. Recall of past exposures is not a source of selection bias in cohort studies. k. Selection bias is not a source of error in cohort studies. 1. A cohort study is an example of an experimental study. m. An incidence rate ratio of 0.4 means the rate of disease is 150% greater in the unexposed group compared to the exposed group. n. An incidence rate difference of -0.04 cases per person-year means the risk of disease in the exposed is 4% less than the risk of disease in the unexposed. 0. Randomization is one of the primary advantages of cohort studies. p. An incidence rate difference of zero means there are no cases of disease in the study population. q. An exposure that always results in the occurrence of disease Din the presence of any other exposure must be a sufficient cause of D. r. Increasing risk of disease with increasing level or duration of exposure is a necessary criterion for causation. s. Biological plausibility and compatibility with existing knowledge of an exposure's effect on disease occurrence are necessary criteria for causation. t. Disease risks and rates are examples of measures that could be used to estimate the strength of causal exposure-outcome associations. u. If physical inactivity increases the risk of hypertension and hypertension increases the risk of coronary heart disease, then hypertension confounds the association between physical inactivity and coronary heart disease. V. If sibling age is associated with increased risk of Down syndrome, then sibling age confounds the association between birth order and Down syndrome. w. If maternal age increases the risk of Down syndrome, then maternal age confounds the association between birth order and Down syndrome. X. A randomized clinical trial (RCT) with 1000 participants at baseline is necessarily more valid than a cohort study of the same sample size. y. A cohort study with 50% loss to follow-up in the exposed group and 50% loss in the unexposed group would necessarily be less valid than an RCT with the same loss to follow-up. T T F F T F T F LL T F т F T F T TI T F F T F T F