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Introduction: When two objects or more objects interact with each other, with at least one being in motion, they become part of a collision. Depending upon how the objects behave after the moment of impact, the collision can be described as either elastic or inelastic. In a purely elastic collision, each object moves independently after impact. In a purely inelastic collision, both objects couple together and move as a single system with a common velocity. In the absence of a net external force, the total linear momentum of the entire system before and after the collision is conserved. However, kinetic energy will not necessarily be conserved. Only in a perfectly elastic collision will the total kinetic energy of the system before and after the collision be conserved. If the collision is perfectly inelastic, the maximum possible amount of kinetic energy is lost from the system. Materials: track, 2 carts, 2 motion detectors, a triple beam scale, and assorted masses Investigation A: Inelastic Collisions Purpose: To verify that momentum is conserved in an inelastic collision, and to calculate the kinetic energy lost in an inelastic collision Procedure: 1) Adjust the feet on both sides of the track in order to level the track. Verify that when you place a cart at rest on the track, it does not being to roll in either direction. 2) Place the motion detectors to opposite ends of the track, directly mounting them onto the track itself. Adjust the orientation of the motion detectors so that they are facing towards each other 3) Measure the mass of your two carts. Record the masses in data table #1 on the next page. 4) Place both carts on the track, with each cart at least 10 cm away from the motion sensors. Have the magnets of the carts face each other so that the carts will stick together after impact. 5) Start with one cart at rest. Push the other cart towards it and let them collide and stick together. Catch the carts before they hit the motion sensor at the end of the track. 6) On the graphs, identify the data points corresponding to the motion of the carts before impact. Determine the initial velocity of each cart and record the results in data table #1 on the next page. Use the following sign convention for the velocities you record in the table: if a cart is moving to the right (as viewed from your lab station) it has positive velocity, if a cart is moving to the left it has negative velocity. 7) On the graphs, identify the data points corresponding to the motion of the carts after impact. Determine the final velocity of each cart, and record the results in data table #1 below. Use the sign convention for velocities explained in step 6. 8) Add one of the rectangular weights to the top of cart B, but don't add any mass to cart A. Repeat steps 3-7. 9) Add a second weight to the top of cart B, but don't add any mass to cart A. Repeat steps 3-7.
Trial # 1 2 3 9) Add a second weight to the top of cart B, but don't add any mass to cart A. Repeat steps 3-7. Data Table #1 Cart A mass (kg) Cart B mass (kg) 0.2675 0.2672 0.239 0.127 0.2675 0.2672 0.365 0.177 0.2675 0.2672 0.447 0.206 10) Using measurements from data table #1, calculate the initial momentum of your system in each trial. Here, the system consists of cart A + cart B. Remember; momentum is a vector quantity which depends on the direction the carts are moving in. Show your calculations below and record your results in data table #2 on page 5. Cart A initial velocity (m/s) Cart B initial velocity (m/s) 0.000 0.000 0.003 Cart A final velocity (m/s) 11) Using measurements from data table #1, calculate the final momentum of your system in each trial. Show your calculations below and record your results in data table #2. Cart B final velocity (m/s) 0.127 0.177 0.206
12) Calculate the % change between the initial and final momentum of your system in each trial. Show your calculations below and record your results in data table #2. 13) You will probably find that the total momentum changed slightly during each trial. Explain what might have caused the total momentum of your system to change. 14) Using measurements from data table #1, calculate the initial kinetic energy of your system in each trial. Show your calculations below and record your results in data table #2. 15) Using measurements from data table #1, calculate the final kinetic energy of your system in each trial. Show your calculations below and record your results in data table #2. 16) Calculate the % change between the initial and final kinetic energy of your system in each trail. Show your calculations below and record your results in data table #2.