Please answer all parts of the question in an a.b.c format so it is readable 1. a.Define what is meant by the Internet o

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Please answer all parts of the question in an a.b.c format so itis readable 1. a.Define what is meant by the Internet of Things(IoT). Then continue by relating each part of your definition tothe context given in the article, being clear as to what the“things” are, and the technologies being used to connect themtogether within a bigger system. The maximum word limit forQuestion 1(a) is 120 words. (8 marks) b.The article mentions theimportance of low latency in the context of autonomous cars.Explain to a non-technical friend what is meant by latency and howthe article suggests ultra-low latency will be achieved in thefuture. The maximum word limit for Question 1(b) is 50 words. (3marks) c.The average latency of a particular 4G network is 49 ms.The specification for 5G requires a latency of 1 ms. What will bethe percentage decrease in latency once 5G is available? Round youranswer to the nearest tenth of a percent. You should clearly stateany formula that you use. THE ARTICLE 5G technology in automotiveapplications is on a rising trajectory today, with the advance ofin-vehicle technologies, IoT innovations and the deployment ofhigh-speed networks. There are some critical reasons for thedevelopment of these technologies and why the 5G car may be comingsoon. The research might surprise you. How often do vehicle-relatedproblems such as flat tires, steering failures or brake failurescause traffic and highway accidents? According to research by U.S.DOT (United States Department of Transportation), about 94% of allcar crashes are caused by human error. Just 2% of accidents happenas the result of mechanical failure. Breaking down the datafurther, we find that one in four deaths can be attributed tospeeding. The statistics are startling, indicating that a quarterof all driving-related fatalities and most traffic accidents areentirely preventable. Connected vehicles will therefore be a gamechanger for traffic safety. Preventable accidents are the bad news.The good news is that we're finally in a position to do somethingabout it. The deployment of 5G cellular networks and other newtechnologies are promising to make self-driving cars a reality, andit's happening faster than most people think. In this article we'lllook at how cities are adapting to enable connected vehicletechnoloyg and autonomous driving, what the technology looks likeand when we might see the rollout of the first self-driving cars.Let's explore the future of 5G, IoT and automotive applications.Connected vs. Autonomous Vehicles: How Are They Different? It'simportant to distinguish between a connected vehicle and anautonomous vehicle. A connected vehicle is one that can receiveinformation from an outside source and/or connect with a consumer'scell phone. Connected vehicles are already common today. Forexample, a car's navigation system is connected to the GPS network.In the event of traffic or other disruptions on the road, thenavigation system can plan a new route to avoid these obstacles.The next phase of connected vehicle will be advances in V2X, whereX may be a pedestrian or a traffic management system in anintersection. Also known as vehicle-to-everything, V2X is theultimate connected vehicle advance that will support automatedbraking of vehicles to prevent traffic accidents. OnStar is anothergood example of a connected vehicle. In the event of an emergency,the driver can connect to a help center which can send out a towtruck or dispatch emergency services. In terms of cellphoneconnection, many car manufacturers already allow drivers to synctheir cellphone to the car in order to use apps, play music orenable voice recognition. While OnStar and GPS are helpfulservices, they rely on technologies that are decades old. Evenconnecting a smart phone to a car's dashboard isn't that excitingin the grand scheme of things. The next generation of connectedvehicles are going to do so much more. 5G cars will connect to 5Gnetworks, which will not only enable ultra-fast, low-latencycommunications, it will also allow them to communicate with eachother. For example, two 5G connected cars coming to a stop sign canagree in advance who will go through first, solving the problemthat under current technology, self-driving cars tend to performpoorly at stop signs. As we can see, a connected vehicle is notnecessarily an autonomous vehicle. Connected vehicle technologyrefers to V2X advances. An autonomous vehicle is the next step,where the car does the driving, and it will ultimately rely on theintegration of 5G technology in automotive systems. Some of thevery first self-driving cars were not connected vehicles. Theyrelied on radar and planned routes to navigate the roads. However,going forward most self-driving cars will be connected as there isa myriad of benefits for a relatively small cost. Today'sTechnology is Enabling the Future of Autonomous Vehicles Thepromise of fully autonomous vehicles requires a high-speed 5Gconnection for thousands of cars, simultaneously, in a city center.While 4G is an enormous enhancement over 3G and is well-suited tomost IoT applications today, true autonomous vehicles requireshigher bandwidth and lower latency. To that end, many cities inAmerica, especially larger cities like Los Angeles and New York,are expanding their 5G coverage. While these networks are notalways installed to benefit autonomous vehicles in particular, 5Gcars will be able to link into the new networks and take advantageof this infrastructure. Intelligent Speed Assist (ISA) is aninteresting technology that's likely to play a part in thedevelopment of the autonomous vehicle. With ISA, a GPS systemdetermines the vehicle's speed and then cross-references that to amap with known speed limits. In the event that the car is exceedingthe speed limit, the ISA system can warn the driver or possibly(depending on how ISA is set up), even slow the vehicle down. Interms of autonomous vehicles, a map with speed limits incorporatedinto it will be essential. While machine learning and AI willenable self-driving cars to read speed limit signs, the signs maynot be prevalent enough to keep the vehicle informed. Some smalltowns have very few signs, and in other places signs may bedisfigured or missing. Another interesting technology that'salready being used in today's cars, like BMW, is lane assist. A carcan use GPS data, cameras and/or radar to determine the vehicle'slocation on the road and keep it in the appropriate lane. Thistechnology will continue to be refined and will one day lead to anautonomous car that can stay in its lane at any speed and in anydriving condition. Fully developed lane assist driving will makecruise control look like a well-trained horse that always trots atthe same speed. In the meantime, as the pieces fall into place forintegration of 5G in automotive applications, connected vehicletechnology is being deployed today. As described in the blog post,What Is Connected Vehicle Technology and What Are the Use Cases,Digi is working with departments of transportation and IntelligentTransportation Systems (ITS) groups to install the mission criticalcommunications infrastructure for connected vehicles today, so thatsmart cities are prepared for tomorrow. (Contact us for additionalinformation.) How 5G Will Enable Autonomous Driving As we'vediscussed, one of the key features of 5G is that it will allow carsto communicate with each other. This will open up the possibilityof data sharing, from current speed and destination to previousroad conditions. A car heading in one direction will automaticallyshare data with a car heading in the opposite direction. Cars willcoordinate at stoplights and stop signs. Drivers running red lightswill become a thing of the past. In the long term, several decadesdown the line, we could find that stoplights and stop signs areeliminated altogether as driverless cars can coordinate theiractions without a sign or signal. Traffic jams will be reduced oreliminated as self-driving cars can drive in closer proximity toeach other. Also, autonomous cars don't slow down to rubberneck. 5Gcars will also pick up on the signals being sent by 5G phones inpedestrians' pockets. This will be one way that autonomous cars canavoid hitting people at crosswalks or intersections. Even in theevent where a car's radar and cameras can't detect a person,they'll detect the signal coming from their phone. 5G-enabledautonomous cars will also be able to connect to a city's smart gridnetwork in order to locate available parking, access services andother benefits we may not have imagined yet. For example, maybeschool buses, construction vehicles and ambulances will broadcasttheir locations so that self-driving cars can redirect theircourse. 5G Vehicles are Coming, but When? As we've established, akey part of enabling autonomous driving is the buildout of the 5Gnetwork. One of the side effects of the Corona virus is that morepeople are working from home and the demand for bandwidth hasincreased correspondingly. Verizon, for example, noted a 75%increase in bandwidth usage. This huge demand spike could lead to5G being built out significantly faster than it might otherwisehave been. Such a build out will lay the groundwork for autonomousvehicles. In terms of actual numbers, Business Insider estimatesthat there will be 77 million connected cars produced by 2025. Forfully autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles, the number is 14million by 2025. While that may not sound like a lot, it'simportant to note that once the technology becomes reliable andinexpensive it could take off in a big way. Market growth from 14million to 100 million could take the same amount of time as ittook to go from 1 to 14 million. GM is already hard at workdeveloping autonomous vehicle technology. In 2016 they spent morethan $1 billion to acquire Cruise Automation, a self-driving carstartup. Since then Cruise has raised additional capital and GMappears fully committed to making the self-driving car a reality.The transition to self-driving cars won't happen overnight; it willbe gradual. We already have lane assist and other technologiesdesigned to take over control of the car in the specificcircumstances where it can save lives. Over time these technologieswill improve, new technologies will be introduced and graduallycars will do more and more of the driving. At some point there willbe a car produced without a steering wheel. There may berestrictions. For example, it may only be able to operate incertain cities or during clear days. But the car without a steeringwheel will be a sign that we're getting close to a fully autonomousfuture.