QUESTION ONE There is a general recognition of the centrality of knowledge to development. For example, the UN Developme

[answerhappygod]

Question One There Is A General Recognition Of The Centrality Of Knowledge To Development For Example The Un Developme 1 (388.3 KiB) Viewed 12 times

QUESTION ONE There is a general recognition of the centrality of knowledge to development. For example, the UN Development Programme's Human Development Index (HDI) generates indicators for monitoring long-term, national progress in human development, based on three fundamental dimensions namely 'access to knowledge', 'long and healthy life' and 'standard of living'. Indeed, access to knowledge receives equal importance as the other two dimensions, namely 'long and healthy life' and 'standard of living' (Gaye, 2011). In 2018, UNDP reported on HDI of countries produced from 2017 data on Ghana, Kenya, Equatorial Guinea, and Congo. Dimension Life expectancy Gir Sh [SDG 3] Mean years of schooling Maximum Minimum value value 85 20.0 per capita (S) 15 3000 0 75,000 Ghana Kenya Equatorial Congo Guinea 57.9 5.5 9.3 63 7.1 [SDG 4.3] 0 11.6 Expected years of schooling289819,513 [SDG GNI 100 67.3 6.5 1 12.1 65.1 11.4 5.694 [SDG 8.5] GDP (S billion) GDP per capita (S) Source: UNDP (2018) In the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the importance of knowledge is also recognized as can be seen from this quote which emphasizes the need to develop knowledge societies: 4,096 47.33 74.94 12.49 37.24 PROS $12.47 1,641.49 1,507.81 9,850.01 457.85 "The spread of information and communications technology and global inter-connectedness has great potential to accelerate human progress, to bridge the digital divide and to develop knowledge societies, as does scientific and technological innovation across areas as diverse as medicine and energy. " (UN, 2015:9) 6.3 Despite this recognition, there is the possibility that current way knowledge is included in the SDGs, and within the paradigm of sustainable development more generally, might place too much emphasis on Western approaches, concepts and researchers. Criticisms of approaches to knowledge within the SDGs focus on the model of knowledge transfer, the lack of reference to local knowledge and the failure to recognize that development needs to be based on developing countries' experiences and realities (Leach, 2013). Ramalingam (2015), for instance argues that the overriding mentality of the SDGs is still that developing countries are vessels to be filled with knowledge and ideas. It, therefore, appears that there might be too much focus on Western approaches, while local knowledge is largely ignored. As Escobar has noted 'Development has relied exclusively on one knowledge system, namely the modern Western one. The dominance of this knowledge system has dictated the marginalization of non-western knowledge systems' (1995:13). UNESCO focuses on local knowledge as the basis of development capacities at the local level: "All societies possess a rich range of knowledge and make use, in their daily lives, of various levels and types of knowledge that they produce and pass on using a wide variety of means, practices and tools. They are a base on which the capacities necessary for their development can sooner or later be built" (UNESCO, 2005: 188). Sustainable development, thus, needs to be based on respect for local knowledge and should built on local knowledge and local realities because the ultimate task of high quality development policy remains to search for mechanisms to initiate self-reinforcing processes of endogenous change. CS CamSca Required: a. Which country, do you consider has the highest level of economic growth? Justify [2 marks] your answer. b. Using the HDI, which country do you consider has the highest level of economic [9 Marks] development? c. Given the table above, which other measure of economic development can you. propose? Does this newly proposed measure lead to similar conclusions in "b". Justify [4 Marks] your response.