3. Many chemical and biological reactions are not spontaneous (AG > 0). However, we have seen that in certain cases, the

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3. Many chemical and biological reactions are not spontaneous (AG > 0). However, we have seen that in certain cases, these reactions become spontaneous when they are coupled with a spontaneous process. For example, the conversion of glucose to glucose- 6-phosphate is not spontaneous unless it is coupled with the hydrolysis of ATP. From the following reactions at 298 K: fumarate? + NH+ = asparatate : 4,G®= -36.7 kJ mol-! fumarate? +H,0 = malate? : A,Gº'= -2.9 kJ mol-! For the following reaction malate? + NH aspartate + H2O calculate (a) A,G®(-33.8 kJ mol-') (b) K' (8.4 x 10) (e) If the reaction is spontaneous at standard Biochemical conditions, was it necessary for each individual step to be spontaneous? Why?