Psychology - Questions and Answers

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Memory
the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

Flashbulb Memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event


Encoding
the processing of information into the memory system- for example, by extracting meaning

Storage
the retention of encoded information over time

Retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage (piecing together associations to a meaningful whole, you recall more accurately in the same context)

Long-Term Memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

Short-Term Memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten. Working memory is a similar concept that focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information

Automatic Processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequencey, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

Effortful Processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Spacing Effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

Mnemonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Serial Position Effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

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Semantic Encoding
the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words

Acoustic Encoding
the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words (mimic what you hear)

Visual Encoding
the encoding of picture images (visualizing what you hear)

Chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically (taking a lot of information and breaking it down into smaller groups)

Sensory Memory
the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system

Iconic Memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second (visual memory)

Echoic Memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds (auditory memory)

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

Implicit Memory
retention independent of conscious recollection. Also called procedural memory (non conciously aware of it, skills and conditioning)

Explicit Memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." Also called declarative memory (facts, knowledge, episodes. When you do it enough it becomes implicit)


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Recognition
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

Recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test

Relearning
a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

Priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

Deja Vu
that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

Mood-Congruent Memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

Proactive Interference
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

Retroactive Interference
the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

Repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories (Freud)

Source Amnesia
attributing to the wrong source an event that we have experienced, heard about, read about or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories

Misinformation Effect
incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

Eyewitness Testimony
Retrieval is influenced by questions, chilren are the most susceptable

Decay Theory
we forget things because of the passage of time but there's no evidence

Interference
we forget things because there is conflict between establised associations (proactive and retroactive)