13.3 The interior of a rotary cement kiln is one of the most extreme environments for refractory materials. Temperatures

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13 3 The Interior Of A Rotary Cement Kiln Is One Of The Most Extreme Environments For Refractory Materials Temperatures 1 (115.88 KiB) Viewed 11 times

13.3 The interior of a rotary cement kiln is one of the most extreme environments for refractory materials. Temperatures must be very high (T max ~ 2400 °F) to convert the raw materials (clay, lime, and sand) into cement, the molten cement is chemically reactive with practically all refractory materials, and the rotating kiln environment causes rapid mechanical erosion of the interior lining by chunks of hardened cement clinker. Cement kilns typically need to fully replace their refractory brick linings at six-month interval. After performing internet research, evaluate which one of each pair of properties given below is more likely to provide a longer-lasting refractory lining in a cement kiln: a. High vs. low density b. Medium vs. low thermal conductivity c. High vs. low porosity d. High alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) vs. high silica (SiO 2) e. High calcium (Ca) vs. high sodium (Na)