In late June 2017, AP Moeller Maersk was forced to shut down its container operations in the Port of Los Angeles as thei

[answerhappygod]

In late June 2017, AP Moeller Maersk was forced to shut down its
container operations in the Port of Los Angeles as their IT systems
were infected with a ransomware which caused disruption to the
booking systems. The company suffered damages amounting to USD 300
million.
Cyber-attacks targeting the maritime sector are growing rapidly
across the world and in Asia. Hackers are narrowing their focus on
companies in the sector which are seen as tempting targets due to a
perceived lack of cyber security investment and potential for
significant operational disruption
A. As a shipper, do you find sufficient protection against loss
and damage within the current regime of Hague-Visby Rules, as well
as marine insurance coverage currently available in the market, in
case your carriers are disabled by cyberattacks leading to the loss
and damage to your goods? Why or why not? (6 Marks)
B.Solutions are being developed by international bodies in the
maritime industry to try to improve cyber safety. Discuss what
those solutions are, whether their improvements are sufficient, as
well as any further improvements required. (6 Marks)
C. Intensifying cyber-attacks is one of the results brought
about by rapid digitalization in the maritime industry, which in
fact also gives rise to other business risks including legal ones.
As the legal officer of a global carrier, you are requested to
write to your Managing Director identifying the legal risks on the
use of technologies your company may be exposed to in its business
operations. What will be the legal risks you identify? And what
will your advice be to your Managing Director in mitigating those
risks? (8 Marks)