PhysioEx #10: Acid Base Balance by Respiratory and Urinary Systems Student Learning Objectives: Define pH and identify t

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PhysioEx #10: Acid Base Balance by Respiratory and Urinary Systems Student Learning Objectives: Define pH and identify the normal range of human blood pH. • Define acid and base and distinguish between weak and strong acids and bases. • Explain how chemical and physiological buffering systems help regulate the pH of be • Define the conditions of acidosis and alkalosis. • Explain the difference between respiratory and metabolic acid-base disturbances. Explain how the respiratory and renal systems attempt to compensate for pH imbal Predict the effect of changing Pcos, ventilation, and metabolism on blood pH, PI Test your predictions using activities 14. This simulation records changes in the levels of blood gases and pH with different types of with changes in metabolic rate. It also shows how the respiratory system and kidney can compensate for changes in pH and Poor (another example of homeostasis). Working as a helpful) and using lab or lecture notes and your PhysioEx Exercise 10 background informati to predict the following: 1. The effect of increased or decreased ventilation on pH and Pcos in the blood. (Acti 2. The renal compensations for high or low values of Pcos in the blood (Activity 3). 3. The effect of changes in metabolic rate on Peos and on ventilation rate (Activity 4). List your predictions as increases or decreases or no change, and have the instructor chec proceeding. After checking, proceed with activities 1-4. Lab Report: PhysioEx Exercise 10 Normal blood values: [HCO,1 23 - 28 mm (or mEq/L) PCO2 35-45 mmHg PH 7.35 - 7.45 Definitions: Acidosis: events that cause pH of blood in arteries to fall below 7.35 o Acidemia: the condition in which blood pH is below 7.35 o Acidosis causes acidemia
Alkalosis events that cause pH of blood in arteries to rise above 7.45 Alkatemia: the condition in which blood pH is above 7.45 o Alkalosis causes alkalemia, • Respiratory acidosis or alkalosis: acidosis or alkalosis caused by the respiratory system. • Metabolic acidosis or alkalosis: acidosis or alkalosis caused by metabolic activities in the body and/or a failure of the kidneys to adequately excrete Hor HCO3 ions • Disturbances of pH in the blood such as respiratory or metabolic acidosis or alkalosis are said to be primary if they are the original cause of the pH disturbance Activities 1-2: Effects of ventilation on blood Pcos, and pH. Primary respiratory acidosis and alkalosis. Primary respiratory acidosis and alkalosis are blood pH conditions that are caused by changes in the respiratory system. You will see from these activities that voluntary ventilation rate affects Poor and pH of the blood. On the other hand, ventilation rate will respond to changes in Pcar and pH of the blood that are caused by changes in metabolic activity i.e. metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis). When the respiratory system responds to changes in Poor and pH instead of causing these changes) it is called respiratory compensation. Note that in this experiment values will change gradually but stabilize at a maximum or minimum value. Predict whether each of the following breathing conditions will result in normal increased, or decreased levels of Poor and pH. Predict also whether each breathing condition will result in respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis or pelther condition Condition Blood Pcoa (mmHg) Blood pH Acidosis or Alkalosis? Normal Breathing Hyperventilation Rebreathing Were your predictions confirmed? Explain these changes using the equation for the bicarbonate buffer system Activity 3: Effect of blood pH on urine composition (compensation for acid base disturbance). The kidneys can compensate (fully or partially) for primary respiratory acidosis or primary respiratory alkalosis by excreting or conserving acid (H') or base (HCO,). Note that the respiratory system cannot compensate for disturbances of blood pH that it has caused. Although it is not directly relevant to activity 3, it is important to note that the kidneys can also compensate for primary metabolic acidosis or primary metabolic alkalosis as long as the ultimate cause of the metabolic acidosis or alkalosis is not a problem with the kidneys themselves. For example, the kidneys could help compensate for ketoacidosis or lactic acidosis (forms of metabolic acidosis) Predict whether each of the following values for Pcoz will result in normal increased, or decreased levels for blood pH, urine (H"), and urine (HCO,1 Blood pH Blood PCO2 40 mm Hg (normal) Urine (H) Urine (HCO
30 mm Hg (low) 60 mm Hg (high) Were your predictions confirmed? Explain the changes in urine composition. Activity 4: Respiratory compensation for primary metabolic acidosis/alkalosis. Primary metabolic acidosis or primary metabolic alkalosis is caused by increases or decreases (respectively) in the concentrations of acids in the blood from sources other than CO. These are sometimes called "fixed" acids. Concentrations of fixed acids (e.g. lactic acid, ketone bodies) in the blood are increased when metabolic rate increases. The respiratory system can fully or partially compensate for these changes in blood pH by expelling or conserving CO2 as needed. The reason this is possible because changes in PcO2 affect the pH of blood via the bicarbonate buffer system. Therefore, Co, is sometimes called an "acid gas": the higher Pcos in the blood, the lower the pH of the blood and therefore the more acidic the blood is. If an individual is experiencing metabolic acidosis, some acid can be removed by increased respiration as CO,. If an individual is experiencing metabolic alkalosis, acid needs to be conserved by keeping Co, in the blood. 4a. Primary Metabolic Acidosis: Because diabetics cannot effectively metabolize glucose, fats may be used as an alternative energy source. Ketone bodies (such as acetone) are acidic biomolecules produced from fats in uncontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus and can contribute to metabolic acidosis. How could the respiratory system compensate for this condition? 4b. Primary Metabolic Alkalosis: Because there is normally a balance between acid and base in the blood, loss of fixed acid (as a result of loss of stomach acid due to excess vomiting, for example) can cause primary metabolic alkalosis. Primary metabolic alkalosis can also be caused by high (HCO3 ] in the blood due to overuse of antacids or certain diuretics. How could the respiratory system compensate for this? Predict whether each of the following values for metabolic rate will result in normal increased, or decreased values for breaths per minute, blood pH, blood Pcoz, blood (H+), and blood [HCO,1 Metabolic Rate BPM Blood pH Blood PCOS Blood [H] Blood [HCO, (kcal/hour) (breaths per minute) 1 50 (normal) 80 (High) 20 (Low) Were your predictions confirmed? Explain these changes.
4c. What is the difference between and arimary respiratory and metabolic acidosis? metabolic acidosis is the state of aadosis resuiting from over production of metabolic acids. ad. Give one cause of primary metabolic acidosis: Excese loss og bicarbonate from body find by diarrhea. 4e. Give one cause of primary respiratory acidosis: hypoventilation which causes excess CD in body suid. espiratory component of a disturbance in blood pH is indicated by the amount of in the 4. The blood. 48. The metabolic component of a disturbance in blood pH is indicated by the amount of in the blood S. After falling into an abandoned stone quarry filled with water and nearly drowning, a young boy is rescued. His rescuers assess his condition. They find that his body fluids have high Pcoz and low Por, and that large amounts of lactic acid were generated by the boy's muscles as he struggled in the water. As a clinician, diagnose the boy's condition and recommend the necessary treatment to return his body to homeostasis. Apply your knowledge: 1. A hypothetical patient arrives at the emergency department and is having an anxiety attack and hyperventilating. The patient's arterial blood pH is 7.50 and their Pcos is 30 mmHg. a. Explain these blood findings: b. How could you quickly restore the patient's blood values to normal?