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Two General Divisions Normative Ethics: theoretical Normative Ethics - what ought to be done, various morallethical norms. Example • One ought to help those in need and those who are vulnerable • Theoretical • Practical (applied) Descriptive Meta-ethics 7 Non-normative: descriptive Normative Ethics: practical • Applied Ethics using normative moral theories to address everyday situations « Examples h.C. ps. "should not abandon their patients, since patients are vulnerable and needy Descriptive ethics-study of the ethicalmoral views of people or various cultures, - Makes no claims about the rightnessor wrongness of those values Example • Many societies practice female genital mutilation Ancient Roman fathers could kill their newborn children 9 10 Non-normative: metaethics Philosophical Perspectives on Ethics Metaethics the study of normative ethies analysis of basic ethical concepts, moral norms, moral terms process of moral reasoning Example What do you mean by right? Is there such a thing as universal human rights? If so, how can you prove that they really exist? 11 12
Various views on the nature of ethics Various views on the nature of ethics thical relativist view that there are no universal ond unchanging trial costathatosta you are poor hot net you Ethical the view that each individual mot crisor her own morality based upon the view that night or wrong action is based upon how a persons feels about it. What the choice not mally correct choice for you Culture the view that the start of right and wrong enouponsor women should be to chooth de pony the view that the correcto derived from one's faremos as the right thing to do the derfet 13 14 Various views on the nature of ethics (2) Moral Obiectivm-the view that moral principles edit and they are universal and unchanging, even if not all people accept them moral objectivism contrasts with moral relativism, subjectivism, and emotivism - REFLECTION The practice of female get condemned by both the World Health Organization (WHO the mindre Nursing howeve me Cowest practice Do you think that is ctively for objetima moralstons to be determined by personal viewpoint moral sujetor contrastando cultural relation of how you feel about it al motiv the position of the word intry to letting al diversity 15 16 Ethical Aims/Goals of Health Care Ethics and Medicine the goals or of home here the mars that gover health care se Annely ponad Pand Port and comedy Afree for Pent REFLECTION Considerohet actions du think Wycodecom ப goal wrial actor aaraayary) 17 18
Models of Health Care: Nursing Models: Get the above tools of healthcare habere ameons of achieve these en - Engineering apply once and technology to trade • Priestly model pemain treat the patients dependent upon the wisdom of medicine Collegial model physician and patient work callabertram Contact model this a business Cornel society can move obligations upon with me for good of society, health care more than Styron bersed where that Serde Durati de duty to patient is bound to the Institutionality to thot Physician advocate model is an extension of the physical orders - Patient moderne function independent professional for the best interests of the patient PELECTION Wich model of using best the purpose or goal of using? What are the motions for norsing ethics based upon the model you choo 19 20 Professional Ethics Professional Codes of Ethics Professional ethics-codes of conduct that govem professionals within a particular occupation may be both formal (written codes such as for informal common practice, etiquettes may evolve and develop over time, often contextualized by expectations of society law, and members of the profession itself 21 22 Professional Codes: (contd.) Codes of Medical Ethics Please consult resources in modules for several codes of ethics related to the medical profession Ethical codes → mandate obligatory actions for the professionale, do no abandon a patient Supererogn ideas that are praiseworthy but not necessary ...giving free sample medications participating in health fours - te socially or culturally accepted ways of acting the food one will serve at the physicions office holiday party 23 24
Outline: Introduction to Medical Ethics & Professional Health Care Ethics - - What is Ethics • Classification of Ethics Philosophical Perspectives on Ethics • Ethics and Medicine Professional Codes of Ethics 2 Some background: What is ethics? • branch of philosophy that examines the nature of human happiness, and how it may be achieved; one may claim that morally good choices (actions) tend toward happiness, and morally wrong choices (actions) tend toward unhappiness. ethos-Greek character, custom mores-Latin character, custom 03. Art TRAD 3 Classification of Ethics Ethics & Morality Ethics general study of issues dealing with right wrong or good/bad Morality usually refers to a particular view about night/wrong Jewish morality/family morality personal moral views
Two General Divisions Normative Ethics: theoretical NO Normative Ethics - what "ought to be done; various moral/ethical norms Example One ought to help those in need and those who are vulnerable • Theoretical • Practical (applied) • Descriptive • Meta-ethics 7 8 Normative Ethics: practical Non-normative: descriptive Applied Ethics using normative moral theories to address everyday situations. Example h.cps. "should not abandon their patients, since patients are vulnerable and needy Descriptive ethics study of the ethical/moral views of people or various cultures: Makes no claims about the rightness" or "wrongness of those values Examples Many societies practice female genital mutilation Ancient Roman fathers could kill their niewborn children 9 10 Philosophical Perspectives on Ethics Non-normative: metaethics Metaethics the study of normative ethics; analysis of basic ethical concepts, moral norms, moral terms process of moral reasoning - Famole • What do you mean by right? - Is there such a thing as universal human nights? If so, how can you prove that they really exist 12
Various views on the nature of ethics Various views on the nature of ethics Ethical relativism the view that there and unchanging ethical thical to steal you are but not you • Biljectivism the view that each individuals create or her own monty based upon these that the right or wrong action is upon how apes fes about itWhat think the choice is not ne the morally como the view that thereof night and ang depends upon outure or historical context.Net should be that the me the view that the morally connect choice is der feelings or emotional response to a most dlemme height thing to do this ort 13 14 Various views on the nature of ethics (2) Moral Objectivism the view that moral pociples exist and they are universal and unchanging event not all people accept them moral objectivism contrasts with moral relativism, subjectivism, and motivim PEFLECTION Tromlega contention and og Chow Do you objectively mineral hored by our standard how you about the position the wandcontacting 15 16 Ethical Aims/Goals of Health Care Ethics and Medicine Anand BBC wrong 17 18
Models of Health Care: Nursing Models: Given the above mentioned goals of health care several modes have been proposed someons of achieving those end - Engineering apply science and technology to treat disease Priestly model paternalism treat the patient as a dependent upon the wisdom of medicine Collegial model physician and patient work at a collaborative team Contractual model health care is a business Caverant model society can impose obligations upon health care for good of society, health care is more than business Stan best who are the aims or gools of nursing? Savemodels have been propose Braucratic model duty to patient is bound to the tition team work loyalty to authority Physician advocate model nurse is an extension of the physician's orders Patient de model une functions as an independent professional for the best interests of the patient REFLECTION Which model of nursing best describes the purpose or goal of nursing? What are the implications for uning ethics based upon the model you choose? 19 20 Professional Ethics Professional Codes of Ethics Professional ethics- codes of conduct that govern professionals within a particular occupation: may be both formal written codes such as or informal common practice, etiquette may evolve and develop over time often contextualized by expectations of society, law, and members of the profession itself 21 22 Professional Codes: (contd.) Codes of Medical Ethics Please consult resources in module 1 for several codes of ethics related to the medical profession thic codes mandate obligatory actions for the professionales, do no abandon a patient Stories that are priteworthy but not necessary 9, giving free sample medications participating in health for - Etiquette socially or culturally accepted ways of acting as the food one will serve at the physicians office holiday party 23 24