In a situation where the exposure is causally related to the confounder and the confounder is causally related to the di
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In a situation where the exposure is causally related to the confounder and the confounder is causally related to the di
In a situation where the exposure is causally related to the confounder and the confounder is causally related to the disease, the confounder is said to be.. Carrying equivalence In the causal pathway Stratified significance Over the confidence interval
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