(7) The conversion of an unsaturated phospholipid to a saturated phospholipid typically results in which of the followin

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(7) The conversion of an unsaturated phospholipid to a saturated phospholipid typically results in which of the following changes to the molecule? (2 points) (A) The shortening of the hydrocarbon tails (B) The glycosylation of the hydrocarbon tails (C) The loss of one or more double bonds (D) The loss of the phosphate group
(11) Which of the following statements best describes the part of a single-pass transmembrane protein that is embedded in the interior of the lipid bilayer? (2 points) (A) It is typically an α helix composed primarily of nonpolar amino acids. (B) It is typically an α helix containing several phosphorylated amino acids. (C) It is typically a β sheet composed primarily of polar amino acids. (D) It is typically a β sheet composed primarily of several phosphorylated amino acids.
(13) At a constant temperature, the greatest increase in the fluidity of a cell membrane is most likely to result from an increase in the proportion of which of the following membrane components? (2 points) (A) Short-chain saturated phospholipids (B) Short-chain unsaturated phospholipids (C) Long-chain saturated phospholipids (D) Long-chain unsaturated phospholipids (14) Which of the following best describes the arrangement of the phospholipid components of a cell membrane? ( 2 points) (A) The phospholipids form a monolayer with the phosphate groups linked to each other. (B) The phospholipids form a monolayer with the phosphate group of one molecule linked to the hydrocarbon tail of the neighboring molecule. (C) The phospholipids form a bilayer with the phosphate groups pointed outward. (D) The phospholipids form a bilayer with the phosphate groups buried in the interior.
(18) Which of the following statements best explains how an adjuvant added to a vaccine enhances the immune response to the antigen in the vaccine? (2 points) (A) It prolongs the persistence of the antigen and thus the exposure of immune cells to the antigen. (B) It decreases the stability of the antigen, allowing it to be metabolized and eliminated from the body more efficiently. (C) It masks the presence of the antigen, thus preventing its elimination by phagocytic cells. (D) It increases the number of epitopes on the antigen and attracts a greater diversity of immune cells. (19) Which of the following is a true statement about secreted antibodies? (2 points) (A) Circulatory system antibodies are produced by activated platelets. (B) Antibody subunits are joined together by disulfide bonds. (C) Virus-specific antibodies neutralize viruses by activating viral proteases. (D) Antibodies contain three light chains linked to a single heavy chain.