Mathematical simulation techniques use probabilities and either a random number table or computer software to create con

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Mathematical simulation techniques use probabilities and either a random number table or computer software to create conditions similar to those of real-life situations. These techniques are very useful in studying activities that are too expensive, too dangerous, or too time-consuming to actually perform. In addition, simulation is useful in estimating probabilities that are too difficult to calculate exactly.
General simulation procedure
A. Use known probabilities to assign numerical digits to all possible outcomes.
B. Choose an appropriate collection of numbers from the random number table to imitate one run of the activity.
C. Repeat the simulated activity as needed.
Examples
1. Cam Newton has completed 60% of his passes in the NFL. To simulate the result of one pass by Newton, we could assign digits in the following way:
= complete pass
= incomplete pass
Use Line 109 of the random number table (shown below) to simulate 20 passes by Newton. Then answer the questions which follow using the results of the simulation.
109 36009 19365 15412 39638 85453 46816 83485 41979
a. On which pass did Newton have his fifth completion? ________
b. What percentage of the passes did Newton complete?
c. Why wasn't the answer to part b guaranteed to be 60%?
2. Brett Favre completed 62% of his passes in the NFL:
a. State an appropriate assignment of digits to simulate the result of one pass.
= complete pass
= incomplete pass
b. Use Line 109 of the random number table (shown below) to simulate 20 passes by Favre, and determine how many of the 20 passes Favre would complete.
109 36009 19365 15412 39638 85453 46816 83485 41979
When an activity consisting of multiple trials is simulated, the assumption is that the trials are independent. Two trials are independent if the result of one trial has no influence on the probabilities of the possible outcomes of the other trial.
Examples
o Suppose that one activity consists of flipping a coin and tossing a die. Flipping a coin and tossing a die are independent because the result of the coin flip has no effect on what will happen during the toss of the die.
o Suppose that another activity consists of drawing two cards from a standard deck, one after the other, without replacement. Drawing the first card and drawing the second card are not independent trials since the result of the first draw affects the likelihood of what is drawn for the second card.