valuations MAMBLEU s at Higher Heart Disease Risk New intermountain Study Findset 1. What is the main message of this ar

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valuations MAMBLEU s at Higher Heart Disease Risk New intermountain Study Findset 1. What is the main message of this article? Are you surprised by the findings? 2. Was the study conducted a descriptive or analytical epi study? How do you know? 3. Was the study conducted an experimental or observational study? How do you know? 4. What study design was it? How do you know? 5. What epidemiology measurement is represented by the 40%? (Hint: Go to Course Announcements and look for the "So many formulas!?!?" announcement). What does it mean in this context? 6. What is the "exposure/risk factor/determinant" being studied? How do you know? 7. There are several "outcomes". Can you name at least the two main ones? 8. Write 1-2 research questions based on these exposures and outcomes. (Remember, research questions are neutral) 9. Create at least one, or if possible two of the 2x2 epi tables that would have been set up to answer these questions, Your tables should include labels and the total number. (You do not need to fill in the other numbers although if you want to try, go ahead! It is possible...) 10. Did they find Odds Ratios or Risk Ratios? How do you know? 11. What other information/variables do you assume they might have collected in the study to account for confounding? 12. What biases might they have faced and how do you think they dealt with, or could have dealt with those biases? 13. The article includes these measures of association: 1.8 and 2.8. In a news article intended for the public, we won't see p-values or Confidence intervals provided, but what do you assume about the p-values and confidence intervals for these measures? 14. The end of the article mentions that "longer follow-up is needed". How would they get longer follow up? 15. How painful or exciting was this experience of thinking through a simple news article with your new lens, the epidemiology framework? Good luck and I hope you enjoy this! Dr. Callahan NOTE: Please upload a Word document. Answers can be short and sweet. No need for each to be paragraphs long!
Nov 13 A new study by researchers at Intermountain Healthcare in Salt Lake City finds that depression remained common during the pandemic and worsened for some patients leading to increased visits to the emergency department for treatment of anxiety and chest pain. Researchers found that nearly 40 percent of patients studied reported new or continuing symptoms of depression during the first year of the pandemic. They say the study of 4,633 patients is further evidence of the pandemic's negative impact on people's mental health and physical well-being has been significant. Findings from the study were presented at the American Heart Association's virtual 2021 Scientific Session on Saturday, Nov. 13. "These findings are significant. In looking at the first year of the pandemic, we are already seeing the mental health effects on our patients," said Heidi T. May, PhD, cardiovascular epidemiologist at the Intermountain Healthcare Heart Institute and principal investigator of the study. "We already know that depression raises a person's risk for developing cardiovascular disease and other chronic health problems, so this is very concerning and highlights the importance of screening patients and providing mental health resources that they need, "Dr. May added. For the study, researchers examined 4,633 Intermountain Healthcare patients who completed a depression screening that is a standard part of primary care at Intermountain Healthcare, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. For the purposes of this study, "before" was between March 1, 2019, to February 29, 2020, and "during" was between March 1, 2020, and April 20, 2021.
Patients were separated into two groups: those with no depression/no longer depressed, and those who remained depressed became depressed. Using electronic health records, patients were then assessed for follow-up emergency department visits for anxiety and chest pain. Researchers found that among depressed patients, depression screening scores were higher during the pandemic than before it. Depression was also associated with increased emergency department visits for anxiety. They found that the odds of visiting an emergency room for anxiety was 2.8 greater for people with depression than those without, and 1.8 greater for anxiety with chest pains compared to non-depressed patients. Dr. May said it is important to identify people with depression because "we know that it's a strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease; and if people are becoming more depressed because of the pandemic, in a few years, we could see a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease." “Clinicians should be acutely aware of their patients' mental health so that it can be addressed and treated immediately to improve the overall quality of their lives, and hopefully avoid the development of subsequent health problems in the future. This is vital because the pandemic is still not over," she added. Longer follow-up is needed to determine potential long-term effects from the pandemic may be on mental health, Dr. May said. Other members of the Intermountain research team include: Tami L. Bair, Viet Le; Joseph B. Muhlestein, MD; Stacey Knight; Jeffrey L. Anderson, MD; Kirk U. Knowlton, MD, and Benjamin D. Horne.