Domestic Goats Follow Gaze Direction and Use Social Cues in an Object Choice Task," published online in Animal Behavior

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Domestic Goats Follow Gaze Direction and Use Social Cues in anObject Choice Task," published online in AnimalBehavior in January 2005, included information on 23goats' performance in a bucket-selection task under controlconditions. Here are their scores (each on a test of 18 trials),which can be shown to have mean 8.8 and standard deviation 1.8:
(a) A histogram would show the shape of the distribution ofscores to be which of the following.
extremely right-skewedextremelyleft-skewed bi-modalperfectly normalroughlynormaluniform
(b) If a goat performed at chance level, its score would be 9. Ifwe want to see if this sample provides evidence that all goatswould average better than chance, how would the null andalternative hypotheses be formulated?
H0: 𝜇 = 8.8vs. Ha: 𝜇 >8.8H0: 𝜇 = 9vs. Ha: 𝜇 >9 H0: x = 9vs. Ha: x >9H0: x = 8.8vs. Ha: x > 8.8
(c) Explain why a formal test is not necessary in order toestablish that the goats failed to perform significantly betterthan chance.
Their sample mean was worse than chance.Their sample mean doesnot differ from chance enough tomatter. Their sample mean was better thanchance.
(d) The P-value for the test to see if the goats didsignificantly better than chance is 0.715, which is not small atall. Can we say we have proven that goats in general do not performbetter than chance with the given social cues?
YesNo
(e) Use the fact that the t distributionmultiplier for 22 degrees of freedom at 95% confidence is roughly 2to construct an appropriate 95% confidence interval for mean scoreof all goats under these conditions (round to the nearesthundredth).( , )