A previously healthy 32-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of a 2-hour history of severe epig

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A previously healthy 32-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of a 2-hour history of severe epigastric pain, nausea, and vomiting blood. Her temperature is 37°C (98 6°F), pulse is 125/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 85/45 mm Hg. Physical examination shows cool skin and a tender abdomen. A decrease in which of the following hemodynamic parameters is the most likely cause of this patient's hypotension?


A Heart rate
B Left ventricular compliance
C Left ventricular contractility
D Preload
E Systemic arterial resistance