a.Define what is meant by the Internet of Things (IoT). Then continue by relating each part of your definition to the co

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a.Define what is meant by the Internet of Things (IoT). Thencontinue by relating each part of your definition to the contextgiven in the article, being clear as to what the “things” are, andthe technologies being used to connect them together within abigger system.
The maximum word limit for Question 1(a) is 120words.
(8 marks)
b.The article mentions the importance of low latency in thecontext of autonomous cars. Explain to a non-technical friend whatis meant by latency and how the article suggests ultra-low latencywill be achieved in the future.
The maximum word limit for Question 1(b) is 50words.
(3 marks)
c.The average latency of a particular 4G network is 49 ms. Thespecification for 5G requires a latency of 1 ms. What will be thepercentage decrease in latency once 5G is available? Round youranswer to the nearest tenth of a percent. You should clearly stateany formula that you use.
THE ARTICLE
5G technology in automotive applications is on a risingtrajectory today, with the advance of in-vehicle technologies, IoTinnovations and the deployment of high-speed networks. There aresome critical reasons for the development of these technologies andwhy the 5G car may be coming soon.
The research might surprise you. How often do vehicle-relatedproblems such as flat tires, steering failures or brake failurescause traffic and highway accidents? According to research by U.S.DOT (United States Department of Transportation), about 94% of allcar crashes are caused by human error. Just 2% of accidents happenas the result of mechanical failure. Breaking down the datafurther, we find that one in four deaths can be attributed tospeeding. The statistics are startling, indicating that a quarterof all driving-related fatalities and most traffic accidents areentirely preventable. Connected vehicles will therefore bea game changer for traffic safety.
Preventable accidents are the bad news. The good news is thatwe're finally in a position to do something about it. Thedeployment of 5G cellular networks andother new technologies are promising to make self-driving cars areality, and it's happening faster than most people think. In thisarticle we'll look at how cities are adapting toenable connected vehicletechnoloyg and autonomousdriving, what the technology looks like and when we mightsee the rollout of the first self-drivingcars. Let's explore the future of 5G, IoT and automotiveapplications.
Connected vs. Autonomous Vehicles: How Are TheyDifferent?
It's important to distinguish between a connectedvehicle and an autonomousvehicle. A connected vehicle is one that canreceive information from an outside source and/or connect with aconsumer's cell phone. Connected vehicles are alreadycommon today. For example, a car's navigation system isconnected to the GPS network. In the event of traffic or otherdisruptions on the road, the navigation system can plan a new routeto avoid these obstacles.
The next phase of connected vehicle will be advances inV2X, where X may be a pedestrian or a traffic management system inan intersection. Also known as vehicle-to-everything, V2X is theultimate connected vehicle advance that will support automatedbraking of vehicles to prevent traffic accidents.
OnStar is another good example of a connected vehicle.In the event of an emergency, the driver can connect to a helpcenter which can send out a tow truck or dispatch emergencyservices. In terms of cellphone connection, many car manufacturersalready allow drivers to sync their cellphone to the car in orderto use apps, play music or enable voice recognition.
While OnStar and GPS are helpful services, they rely ontechnologies that are decades old. Even connecting a smart phone toa car's dashboard isn't that exciting in the grand scheme ofthings. The next generation of connected vehicles are going to doso much more. 5G cars will connect to 5G networks, whichwill not only enable ultra-fast, low-latency communications, itwill also allow them to communicate with eachother. For example, two 5G connected carscoming to a stop sign can agree in advance who will go throughfirst, solving the problem that under current technology,self-driving cars tend to perform poorly at stopsigns.
As we can see, a connected vehicle is not necessarily anautonomous vehicle. Connected vehicle technology refers to V2Xadvances. An autonomous vehicle is the next step, where the cardoes the driving, and it will ultimately rely on the integration of5G technology in automotive systems. Some of the very firstself-driving cars were not connected vehicles. They relied on radarand planned routes to navigate the roads. However, going forwardmost self-driving cars will be connected as there is a myriad ofbenefits for a relatively small cost.
Today's Technology is Enabling the Future of AutonomousVehicles
The promise of fully autonomous vehicles requires ahigh-speed 5G connection for thousands of cars, simultaneously, ina city center. While 4G is an enormous enhancement over 3G and iswell-suited to most IoT applications today, true autonomousvehicles requires higher bandwidth and lower latency. To that end,many cities in America, especially larger cities like Los Angelesand New York, are expanding their 5G coverage. While these networksare not always installed to benefit autonomous vehicles inparticular, 5G cars will be able to link into the new networks andtake advantage of this infrastructure.
Intelligent Speed Assist (ISA) is an interestingtechnology that's likely to play a part in the development of theautonomous vehicle. With ISA, a GPS system determines the vehicle'sspeed and then cross-references that to a map with known speedlimits. In the event that the car is exceeding the speed limit, theISA system can warn the driver or possibly (depending on how ISA isset up), even slow the vehicle down. In terms of autonomousvehicles, a map with speed limits incorporated into it will beessential. While machine learning and AI will enable self-drivingcars to read speed limit signs, the signs may not be prevalentenough to keep the vehicle informed. Some small towns have very fewsigns, and in other places signs may be disfigured ormissing.
Another interesting technology that's already being usedin today's cars, like BMW, is lane assist. A car can use GPS data,cameras and/or radar to determine the vehicle's location on theroad and keep it in the appropriate lane. This technology willcontinue to be refined and will one day lead to an autonomous carthat can stay in its lane at any speed and in any drivingcondition. Fully developed lane assist driving will make cruisecontrol look like a well-trained horse that always trots at thesame speed.
In the meantime, as the pieces fall into place for integrationof 5G in automotive applications, connected vehicle technology isbeing deployed today. As described in the blog post, What IsConnected Vehicle Technology and What Are the Use Cases, Digi isworking with departments of transportation and IntelligentTransportation Systems (ITS) groups to install the mission criticalcommunications infrastructure for connected vehicles today, so thatsmart cities are prepared for tomorrow. (Contact us for additionalinformation.)
How 5G Will Enable Autonomous Driving
As we've discussed, one of the key features of 5G is that itwill allow cars to communicate with each other. This will open upthe possibility of data sharing, from current speed and destinationto previous road conditions. A car heading in onedirection will automatically share data with a car heading in theopposite direction.
Cars will coordinate at stoplights and stop signs. Driversrunning red lights will become a thing of the past. In the longterm, several decades down the line, we could find that stoplightsand stop signs are eliminated altogether as driverless cars cancoordinate their actions without a sign or signal. Traffic jamswill be reduced or eliminated as self-driving cars can drive incloser proximity to each other. Also, autonomous cars don't slowdown to rubberneck.
5G cars will also pick up on the signals being sent by 5G phonesin pedestrians' pockets. This will be one way that autonomous carscan avoid hitting people at crosswalks or intersections. Even inthe event where a car's radar and cameras can't detect a person,they'll detect the signal coming from their phone. 5G-enabledautonomous cars will also be able to connect to a city's smart gridnetwork in order to locate available parking, access services andother benefits we may not have imagined yet. For example, maybeschool buses, construction vehicles and ambulances will broadcasttheir locations so that self-driving cars can redirect theircourse.
5G Vehicles are Coming, but When?
As we've established, a key part of enablingautonomous driving is the buildout of the 5G network. Oneof the side effects of the Corona virus is that more people areworking from home and the demand for bandwidth has increasedcorrespondingly. Verizon, for example, noted a 75% increase inbandwidth usage. This huge demand spike could lead to 5G beingbuilt out significantly faster than it might otherwise have been.Such a build out will lay the groundwork for autonomousvehicles.
In terms of actual numbers, Business Insider estimates thatthere will be 77 million connected cars produced by 2025. For fullyautonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles, the number is 14 million by2025. While that may not sound like a lot, it's important to notethat once the technology becomes reliable andinexpensive it could take off in a big way. Marketgrowth from 14 million to 100 million could take the same amount oftime as it took to go from 1 to 14 million.
GM is already hard at work developing autonomous vehicletechnology. In 2016 they spent more than $1 billion to acquireCruise Automation, a self-driving car startup. Since then Cruisehas raised additional capital and GM appears fully committed tomaking the self-driving car a reality.
The transition to self-driving cars won't happen overnight; itwill be gradual. We already have lane assist and other technologiesdesigned to take over control of the car in the specificcircumstances where it can save lives.
Over time these technologies will improve, new technologies willbe introduced and gradually cars will do more and more of thedriving. At some point there will be a car producedwithout a steering wheel. There may be restrictions. Forexample, it may only be able to operate in certain cities or duringclear days. But the car without a steering wheel will be a signthat we're getting close to a fully autonomous future.