Survival (percent) 100% 90 80 70- 60- 50- 40 Oct 1 Dec 1 Feb 1 With ants Without ants Apr 1 Jun 1 Aug 1 Oct 1 (b) Figure

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Survival Percent 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 Oct 1 Dec 1 Feb 1 With Ants Without Ants Apr 1 Jun 1 Aug 1 Oct 1 B Figure 1 (77.05 KiB) Viewed 10 times

Survival Percent 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 Oct 1 Dec 1 Feb 1 With Ants Without Ants Apr 1 Jun 1 Aug 1 Oct 1 B Figure 2 (45.64 KiB) Viewed 10 times

Survival (percent) 100% 90 80 70- 60- 50- 40 Oct 1 Dec 1 Feb 1 With ants Without ants Apr 1 Jun 1 Aug 1 Oct 1 (b) Figure 17.8 Ricklefs, Ecology: The Economy of Nature, 8e, © 2018 W. H. Freeman and Company Data from D. H. Janzen, Coevolution of mutualism between ants and acacias in Central America, Evolution 20 (1966): 249-275.

What defense benefits do ants provide to acacia trees? What benefits do acacia trees provide ants? Using the graphs below, explain which trends, numbers and changes provide evidence that acacia trees and ants form a mutualistic relationship. Include a definition of coevolution and mutualism in your reply. (a) Acacia stems containing herbivorous insects (percent) 50% 40 2 9 O With ants Without ants