Transmission of Omicron (B.1.1.529) - SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern in a designated quarantine hotel for travelers: a ch

[answerhappygod]

Transmission Of Omicron B 1 1 529 Sars Cov 2 Variant Of Concern In A Designated Quarantine Hotel For Travelers A Ch 1 (124 KiB) Viewed 36 times

Transmission Of Omicron B 1 1 529 Sars Cov 2 Variant Of Concern In A Designated Quarantine Hotel For Travelers A Ch 2 (45.44 KiB) Viewed 36 times

Transmission Of Omicron B 1 1 529 Sars Cov 2 Variant Of Concern In A Designated Quarantine Hotel For Travelers A Ch 3 (112.56 KiB) Viewed 36 times

Transmission Of Omicron B 1 1 529 Sars Cov 2 Variant Of Concern In A Designated Quarantine Hotel For Travelers A Ch 4 (74.09 KiB) Viewed 36 times

Transmission Of Omicron B 1 1 529 Sars Cov 2 Variant Of Concern In A Designated Quarantine Hotel For Travelers A Ch 5 (11.79 KiB) Viewed 36 times

Transmission of Omicron (B.1.1.529) - SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern in a designated quarantine hotel for travelers: a challenge of elimination strategy of COVID-19 Shuk-Ching Wong." Albert Ko-Wing Au." Hong Chen Lithia Latha Yuen Xin Li David Christopher Lung, Allen Wing-Ho Chu. Jonathan Daniel ip. Wan-Mul Chan, Hoi-Wah Tsai Kelvin Kai-Wang To Kwok Yung Yuen' and Vincent Ch Chung Cheng.a. Infection Control Team, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong West Cluster, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Special Administra- tive Region, China Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Children's Hospital/Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China *Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China With the global evolution of severe acute respiratory required to wear surgical mask for the purpose of the Lancet Regional syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-a), the causative mutual protection while opening the doors. Health - Western Pacific 2022:18: 100360 agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), for Despite these additional measures, another incident Published online 23 almost 2 years, various control strategies have been uti- of SARS-CoV-2 transmission inside a DQH was December 2021 lized around the world. While most of the western coun reported. The asymptomatic index case (M/36), who httpsdoorg/10.1016/j. tries gradually lifted the border control and quarantine had completed two doses of BNT-62b2 mRNA COVID. Lanwpc-2021100360 measures, elimination strategy aiming at zero COVID- 19 vaccine (BioNTech) in June 2021, had anti-spike pro- 19* remains in place in Western Pacific Region such as tein receptor-binding domain (anti-RBD) of mainland China and Hong Kong, where inbound travel 1142 AU/ml (14 November 2021). The secondary case ers are required to undergo quarantine in designated (M/62) also completed two doses of BioNTech in May quarantine hotels (DOH) for up to 21 days. However, 2021. He developed respiratory symptoms on day after not designed for the purpose of quarantine, especially arrival and clinically stable after hospitalization, with for infectious diseases with potential airborne spread, anti-RBD of 250 AU/ml (19 November 2021). Both DQHs may be potential venues for COVID-19 transmis. cases had no chronic illness. Whole genome sequences sion. We recently reported an incident of community of specimens collected from the two cases were different outbreak of imported SARS-CoV-2 beta variant due to by only 1 nucleotide and belonged to the Omicron vari- possible intra-hotel transmission in a DQH. Smoke ant (B.1.1.529 lineage). tests in DQHs demonstrated that aerosols could leak To understand the mechanism of transmission, we out from guest rooms to the corridors, and guests in performed smoke test during our on-site investigation neighboring rooms may inhale the infectious aerosols on 22 November 2021. Smoke test demonstrated stag. when the doors were opened. We also conducted a sero nant air in the corridor (width: 1.5 m: height a m) logical survey of the hotel staff members in the impli- adjoining the two rooms (index case.room A: secondary cated DQHs, which showed no serological evidence of case room B), and there was brief outward movement guest-to-staff-to guest transmission of COVID-19. This of air when the doors of the guest rooms were opened provides reassurance that our infection control training abruptly. Therefore, the virus-laden aerosol may escape of hotel staff members, which was similar to the train- into the guest room of the secondary case when the ing of healthcare workers in hospitals and community door was opened, either slightly or widely (Figure ta treatment facilities, was effective at preventing intra- and 1b). In fact, the index case did not wear mask or just hotel transmission to staff. After this incident, portable wore cloth mask when opening the door to fetch food or air purifiers with high-efficiency particulate air filters discard garbage bags upon our direct questioning. were installed in the corridors of DQHs, Residents are We also assess the extent of environmental contami- nation. Environmental swabs were taken from room B using methods described previously. One of 8 (12,5%) *Correspondence: Vincent Chi-Chung Cheng, Department of specimens collected from high-level non-reachable sur Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital. Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China, (Tel: +852-aassa 351, Fax: +852- faces (wall or ceiling: 50 x 20 cm in size) on 22 Novem 23523698 ber 2021 days after transfer out of the case) tested E-mail address: [email protected] (V.C.-C. Cheng) positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR (cycle threshold
a a Index case Room A Secondary case Room B When the door is opened abruptly, air gushes out rapidly then gradually moves inward after few seconds ca When all doors are closed air is stagnant in coridor b Room A Secondary Room B Doar is wide-penet aroward the two hedef The door and out for me Door is slightly opened wall amount of rows into the room rea for love When all doors closed stagraricordo Figure 1. Schematic representation of smoke test to demonstrate the potential mechanism of airbome transmission of Omicron (B.1.1.529), SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern between the rooms in a designated quarantine hotel for travelers. Figure 13: To demonstrate the direction of airflow between the guest room and comidor when the door is opened abruptly. The windows were closed in the corridor. Figure 1b: To demonstrate the direction of airflow between the guest room and corridor when the door is opened, either slightly or widely. When the door was widely opened, we demonstrated inward airflow in the upper two-third of the room door and out- ward airflow near the floor level. When the door was slightly opened, we also showed sightly inward airflow near the floor. The win dows were closed in the corridor. value: 39). Partial spike gene sequence of this environ mental swab had a nucleotide identity of 100% with those from the cases, suggestive of air dispersal of Omi- cron variant. Furthermore, 21 of 39 (53.896) commonly touched surfaces were positive in room B, with positive rate 8 times higher than the contamination rate in quar- antine rooms reported previously. SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 was first identified in a speci- men collected on 9 November 2021 and was reported to the World Health Organization on 24 November 2011
Its emergence was associated with a steep increase of Bureau, and Theme-Based Research Scheme T11-709/ COVID-19 infections in South Africa. Potential air dis. 21-N, Hong Kong SAR Government. persal, extensive environmental contamination, and air- borne transmission of Omicron variant have been demonstrated in this incident, which likely will pose a Data sharing greater challenge to the zero COVID" strategy in Hong The partial spike gene sequence of the environmental Kong. Nosocomial transmission of COVID-19 can be swab collected from high-level non-reachable surface prevented by the utilization of airborne infection isola- has been deposited into GISAID. The accession number tion facilities in hospitals. For the DQHs. we may is EPLISL_6841982-hCoV-19/Hong Kong/HKU- maximize the flow rate of air exhaust in guest rooms, 211129-003/2021. further increase fresh air supply, and supplement with air purifiers in corridors, in addition to enhanced train- ing of environment disinfection and use of personal Supplementary materials protective equipment. Alternatively, quarantine camp Supplementary material associated with this article can with individual isolation unit and natural ventilation in be found in the online version at doi:10.1016/j. the open area or more frequent testing may be consid- lanwpc-2021100360. ered for persons returning from high-risk areas with Omicron transmission https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anwpc-2021.100360 References 1 Dini A. Fetracco M, Chiriza D. Trabucco S, Corite M Gregoris E et al. A review on measurements of SARS-CoVia genetic material in Declaration of interests it is door and indoor environments: Implication for airbome All authors declare no conflict of interest. transmission Sa Total Environ 2001:1537 2 Cheng VC, Siu GK, Wong SC, Au AK, Ng CS, Chen H. et al. Com plementation of contact tracing by mass testing for successful con- tainment of beta COVID-19 variant (SARS-CoVa VOC 3.1.450) Acknowledgement epidemic in Hong Kong Lance Re Health West Pac 201008 We thank Electrical and Mechanical Services Depart- 3 Wong SC, Chen H. Lung DC, Ho PL, Yuen KY, Cheng VC To pre ment, Buildings Department, and Public Health Labo- vent SARS-CoV-a transmission in designated quarantine hotel for ratory Services Branch of Centre for Health Protection. travelers is the ventilation system a concer? Indoor Air 2011a95-7 HKSAR Government to provide technical support in 4 LX. Chen H. Lu L. Chen LL. Chan BP, Wong SC. et al. High com this investigation. We gratefully acknowledge the origi- pliance to infection control measures prevented guest-to-staff trans- nating and submitting laboratories who contributed mission in COVID-49 quarantine hotels. J Infect 2021. S0168-4453 00338 sequences to GISAID (Supplementary Table Si). 5 Wong SC, Leang M. Tong DW, Lee LL. Leung WL. Chan FW. et al. Infection control clienges in setting up community isolation and treatment facilities for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19: Implementation of directly observed environmental Author's contribution disinfection. In Control Hosp Epidemiol 21:42:1037-45 S-CW and VC-CC had roles in study design, data analy- 6 Ga H. Krishnan P. Ng DYM, Chang DJ. Liu GYZ, Cheng SSM et al Probable Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in sis, and writing up of the manuscript. S-CW, AK-WA, Quarantine Hotel, Hong Kong, China, November 2021. Emerg Infect CH, DCL, K-YY, and VC-CC had roles in outbreak inves- Dis 2021 Dec 3:28(a). https://doi.org/10.3201/eida802.1242 7 Cheng VC. Wong SC, Chan VW, So SY, Chen JH, Yip CC, et al. Air tigation. KK-WT and DCL had roles in whole genome and environmental sampling for SARS-CoV-a around hospitalized sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. LX, AW-HC, patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Infect Control JDI, W-MC, and H-WT had roles in laboratory work. S- Heldemiol 20418-65 8 Li. He 2. Yang 2. Yuan), Wu H, et al. Duration of SARS CW, AK-WA, and LL-HY had roles in collection of envi- Cova positive in quarantine room environments: A perspective ronmental and clinical specimens. All authors reviewed analysis. Int J Infect Dis oo:68-74 9 Classification of Omicron (B.1.1.5291 SARS-CoV-a Variant of Con- and approved the final version of the manuscript. cern. World Health Organization (published ath November 2011) Available at https://www.who.int/news/item/26-n-ao-dassifica of omicro.fb.1.1.529-s.cos-variant of concem. Accessed on 27th November 2021 Funding 10 Wong SC, Yuen LL. Chan Vw, Chen JH, TO KK, Yuen KY, et al. Air This study was partially supported by the Health and borne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavi- Medical Research Fund (HMRF) Commissioned rus 2 (SARS-CoV-a: What is the implication of hospital infection control Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2021 Jul 12: 1-2. https://dok Research on Control of Infectious Disease (Phase IV). g/10.1007/2001,318 CID-HKU1-2 and CID-HKU1-16, Food and Health
Q11. According to the article, what is the most solid evidence proving the Omicron variant was transmitted from the air in the reported case? A. The viral genome sequence is the same between the donor and recipient specimens. B. A positive specimen was collected from high-level non-reachable surfaces in the recipient room. C. Higher than usual positive specimens from the commonly touched surfaces in the recipient room. D. Omicron virus was found in the corridor. Q12. Which of the following is the suggestion by the authors to prevent COVID-19 transmission in the hospital? A. Maximize the flow rate of air exhaust in the room. B. Increase fresh air supply. C. Use of personal protective equipment for the hospital workers. D. Utilization of airborne infection isolation facilities. Q13. To prevent the chance of airborne transmission of the Omicron variant, scientists recommended double-masking. Which of the following pair up of masks are correct? A. Surgical mask + Surgical mask B. Surgical mask + N95 mask C. Surgical mask + Cloth mask D. N95 mask + Cloth mask Q14. What is the purpose of the external mask in double-masking? A. Provide one more layer for filtering. B. Prevent the internal mask from getting wet. C. To tighten the internal mask. D. The material on the external mask can trap the Omicron viral particles.
Q15. Suppose you are having a level 2 surgical mask with ASTM2100 standard from the USA, can it block the majority of respirable aerosol to spread out generated by your sneezing? A. Yes B. No