I. S need not contain a,evenifR is commutative;
and
II. S need not be an ideal, even if R has an
identity.
2. Find the characteristic of each of the following rings.
S = {ra:R} =
M2(Z3)
S = {ra:R} = M2(Z3)
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answerhappygod
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S = {ra:R} = M2(Z3)
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