An ornithologist is studying beak depth in canaries by doing a number of field and laboratory experiments. He estimates

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An ornithologist is studying beak depth in canaries by doing a number of field and laboratory experiments. He estimates variance in beak depth in a field population as 4.84 mm². He also plots beak depth in offspring (reared by their biological parents in the field) as a function of beak depth of the biological parents. He conducts a cross-fostering experiment, where he places eggs in the nests of unrelated birds and measures beak depth in foster-chicks as a function of foster-parent beak depth. The results are shown in the figures below: 'n Voelkundige bestudeer bekdiepte in konaries deur 'n aantal veld- en laboratoriumeksperimente te doen. Hy beraam variansie in bekdiepte in 'n veldpopulasie as 4.84 mm². Hy plot bekdiepte van die nageslag (wat deur hul biologiese ouers in die veld grootgemaak word) as 'n funksie van die bekdiepte van die biologiese ouers. Hy voer ook 'n kruis-aannemingseksperiment uit, waar hy eiers in die nes van onverwante voels plaas en bekdieptes van aanneemkuikens meet as 'n funksie van die pleegouers se bekdieptes. Die resultate word in die onderstaande figure getoon y = -0.15x+6.9 y=0.8x -0.01 6.2 5.8 5.4 5.4 6.2 5.4 5.8 6.2 Biological midparent beak depth (mm) 5.8 Foster midparent beak depth (mm) He also took a random sample of eggs from the field population and raised these chicks under strict standardised laboratory conditions, treating each egg and chick (that hatched from the eggs) exactly the same. The variance in beak depth in these laboratory reared canaries was 4.5 mm². Hy het ook 'n ewekansige monster elers uit die veldpopulasie geneem en hierdie kuikens onder streng gestandaardiseerde laboratoriumomstandighede grootgemaak en elke eier en kuiken (wat uit die eiers uitgebroei het presies dieselfde behandel. Die variansie in bekdiepte in hierdie laboratorium-geteelde kanaries was 4.5 mm² Midoffspring beak depth (mm) I 6.2 5.8 5.4 Midoffspring beak depth (mm)
Question 13 Complete Marked out of 1.0 What can be deduced from the data above? Wat kan afgelei word uit die data bo? a. Offspring resemble their biological parents, irrespective of a common environment. Nageslag lyk soos hul biologiese ouers, ongeag 'n gemeenskaplike omgewing. b. Offspring resemble their biological parents, because of a common environment. Nageslag lyk soos hul biologiese ouers, as gevolg van 'n gemeenskaplike omgewing. c. Offspring resemble their foster parents, despite of a common environment. Nageslag lyk soos hul pleegouers, ten spyte van 'n gemeenskaplike omgewing. d. Offspring resemble their foster parents, because of a common environment. Nageslag lyk soos hul pleegouers, as gevolg van 'n gemeenskaplike omgewing. e. Offspring do not resemble their biological parents because of a common environment. Nageslag lyk nie soos hul biologiese ouers nie, as gevolg van 'n gemeenskaplike omgewing. f. Offspring do not resemble their foster parents because of a common environment. Nageslag lyk nie soos hul pleegouers nie, as gevolg van 'n gemeenskaplike omgewing.
(...following from the previous) Thus... (...volg vanaf die vorige) Dus.. a. Phenotypic variance is explained mostly by heritable genetic differences between individuals, with a minor contribution made by differential rearing environments. Fenotipiese variansie word meestal verklaar deur oorerflike genetiese verskille tussen individue, met 'n geringe bydrae von differensiele grootmaakomgewings b. Phenotypic variance is explained by both differential rearing environments and heritable genetic differences between individuals making a more-or-less equal contribution. Fenotipiese variansie word verklaar deur differensiele grootmaakomgewings en oorerflike genetiese verskille tussen individue wat min of meer gelyk bydrae c. Phenotypic variance is explained by heritable genetic differences between individuals only. Fenotipiese variansie word slegs verklaar deur oorerflike genetiese verskille tussen individue d. Phenotypic variance is explained by differential rearing environments only. Fenotipiese variansie word verklaar deur slegs differensiele grootmaakomgewings e. Phenotypic variance is explained mostly by differential rearing environments, with a minor contribution made by heritable genetic differences between individuals. Fenotipiese variansie word meestal verklaar deur differensiele grootmaakomgewings met 'n geringe bydrae van oorerflike genetiese verskille tussen individue f. Phenotypic variance is explained by homogenous rearing environments across all individuals and differences between genetic interactions between individuals. Fenotipiese variansie word verklaar deur homogene grootmaakomgewings, en verskille tussen genetiese interaksie tussen individue
Question 15 Complete Marked out of 2.0 What percentage of variation in beak depth is explained by environmental effects? (round to two decimals) Watter persentasie van variasie in bekdiepte word verklaar deur omgewings effekte? (rond tot twee desimale) Answer: 4.84
Question 16 Complete Marked out of 2.0 What is the additive genetic variance for beak depth in these canaries? (round to two decimals) Wat is die additiewe genetiese variansie vir bediepte in die kanaries? (rond tot twee desimale) Answer: 7.02
Question 17 Complete Marked out of 2.0 Plants that have small seeds seem to be specifically susceptible to drought. During a drought season, only large seeded plants were available as food source and consequently the average beak depth of canaries surviving the drought, in the field, was 6.1 mm (before the population mean was 5.4 mm). What will the mean beak depth be of canaries in the following generation? (round to two decimals) Plante met klein sade is veral vatboor is vir droogte. Gedurende 'n droogteseisoen was slegs grootsaad plante beskikbaar as voedselbron en gevolglik was die gemiddelde bekdiepte van kanaries wat die droogte oorleef het 6.1 mm (voorheen was die populasiegemiddelde 5.4 mm). Wat sal die gemiddelde bekdiepte van kanaries in die volgende generasie wees? (rond tot twee desimale)