Summarize and Analyze Beginning with the Indian Councils Act of 1861, provincial councils were created in Bengal, Madras

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Summarize and Analyze
Beginning with the Indian Councils Act of 1861, provincial
councils were created in Bengal, Madras and Bombay. In these
councils British officials had a majority but a few nominated
non-official Indians were consulted on legislative matters. In 1882
the viceroy, Ripon, extended the principle of granting Indians a
measured say in local affairs; municipal and local boards were
formed in most of the provinces. The costs of running these local
government bodies and financing local development works were met by
raising new taxes in the localities and provinces. This, it was
hoped, would insulate the central state from the charge of imposing
new taxes. It was also a convenient way of lowering administrative
costs. And while most of the members of the boards were to be
nominated, the British partly accepted the notion of elected
representatives by agreeing to seriously consider the
recommendations of certain Indian organizations. The proportion of
nonofficial Indians in the councils was increased by another Indian
Councils Act of 1892. But it was only in 1909 that the Morley–Minto
reforms extended the links between the higher and lower councils,
thus building bridges which local men with power and pelf could
hope to cross to reach the provincial and, in exceptional cases,
even the governor-general’s legislative council at the centre.