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1-5 please choose all the correct answers(there are more than
one correct answers)
Answer questions 1-5 by identifying all the correct answers. 1 2 points In the conducting zone of the lungs oxygen diffuses more readily than carbon dioxide. air is humidified. surfactant is produced. dust particles are trapped. air flow is inversely proportional to airway resistance. 2 DO 부 2 points During inspiration at rest, the external intercostal muscles contract. transpulmonary pressure increases. intrapleural pressure increases. alveolar volume decreases. the diaphragm contracts.
3 2 points Lung surfactant is secreted by Type II alveolar cells. increases alveolar surface tension. increases lung compliance. prevents alveolar collapse. is first produced within the first month of foetal life. 4 2 points Arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2). increases when alveolar ventilation decreases. Oo increases when partial pressure of inspired oxygen increases. o increases when the ventilation to perfusion ratio decreases. is increased in a person who has histotoxic hypoxia. is greater in a person at sea level compared to in a person at 1600m above sea level.
5 2 points Deo Lung compliance is increased with pulmonary fibrosis. in the alveoli at the base as compared to the apex of the lung. in people with emphysema. in people with increased lung stiffness. in alveoli with increased surface tension.
The table below shows data obtained from three individuals (1, 2 and 3) living in Johannesburg (atmospheric pressure = 620 mm Hg). Individual 1 Individual 2 Individual 3 Predicted PaO2 (mm Hg) 42 53 75 69 - 84 PaCo2 (mm Hg) 28 48 40 38 - 46 21 22 13 12 - 15 Respiratory rate (breaths.min-1) Dead space/tidal volume (VONT) 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 Tidal volume (1) 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.5
6 1 point Do M The hypoxic state of individual 1 is most likely hypoxic hypoxia. o anaemic hypoxia. stagnant hypoxia. histotoxic hypoxia. 7 1 point The individual or individuals most likely to have fractured ribs is/are individual 1 only. individual 2 only. o 3 individual 3 only. o 1 . individuals 1 and 2.
8 1 point PS The PaO2 in individual 3 will most likely. increase stimulation of the peripheral chemoreceptors. decrease stimulation of the central chemoreceptors. have no effect on the peripheral chemoreceptors. increase stimulation of both the central and peripheral chemoreceptors. 9 1 point 111: The PaCO2 in individual 1 will most likely increase stimulation of the peripheral chemoreceptors. decrease stimulation of the central chemoreceptors. have no effect on the central chemoreceptors. increase stimulation of both the central and peripheral chemoreceptors.
The table below shows data from three patients (1, 2 and 3) who were admitted to a Johannesburg hospital (Patm= 620 mm Hg). Blood samples were obtained and a basic spirometry test was performed for each patient. Patients Normal rangel predicted 1 N 3 values Partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) (mm Hg) 77 53 59 68-83 Partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) 35 36 43 33-37 (mm Hg) Arterio-venous difference in O2 content ((a-v) 02) (mlO2.4-'blood) 22 45 40 30-50 FEV1/FVC 0.85 0.90 0.61 20.7 14 - 20 | 2 22 Respiratory rate (breaths.min-1) Lung compliance (l.mm Hg-1) 12-15 1.90 0.29 2.50 1.80
10 1 point DO TE The hypoxia in patient 1 is most likely caused by decreased ability of the tissues to utilize oxygen. an obstructive lung disease. o . decreased haemoglobin concentration. exposure to high altitude. 11 1 point PE Patient 2's flow volume loop is most likely to show O an increased peak expiratory flow rate. a decreased residual volume. O a a decreased forced vital capacity. an increased total lung capacity.
12 1 point Do PS The partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in patient 3 is most likely caused by impaired alveolar gaseous exchange. fibrosis of the lung tissue. decreased ability of the tissues to utilize oxygen. decreased saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen. 13 1 point to PE The respiratory rate of patient 3 is most likely due to the effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) on the central chemoreceptors. hydrogen ions (H) on the carotid chemoreceptors. oxygen (O2) on the central chemoreceptors. bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) on the carotid chemoreceptors.