Q19.1 For the following processes, is the work done by the system (defined as the expanding or contracting gas) on the e

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Q19.1 For the following processes, is the work done by the
system (defined as the expanding or contracting gas) on the
environment positive or negative? (a) expansion of the burned
gasoline–air mixture in the cylinder of an automobile engine; (b)
opening a bottle of champagne; (c) filling a scuba tank with
compressed air; (d) partial crumpling of a sealed, empty water
bottle, as you drive from the mountains down to sea level.
Q19.8 You bake chocolate chip cookies and put them, still warm,
in a container with a loose (not airtight) lid. What kind of
process does the air inside the container undergo as the cookies
gradually cool to room temperature (isothermal, isochoric,
adiabatic, isobaric, or some combination)? Explain your answer.
Q19.11 When you blow on the back of your hand with your mouth
wide open, your breath feels warm. But if you partially close your
mouth to form an “o” and then blow on your hand, your breath feels
cool. Why?
Q19.17 The prevailing winds on the Hawaiian island of Kauai blow
from the northeast. The winds cool as they go up the slope of Mt.
Waialeale (elevation 1523 m), causing water vapor to condense and
rain to fall. There is much more precipitation at the summit than
at the base of the mountain. In fact, Mt. Waialeale is the
rainiest spot on earth, averaging 11.7 m of rainfall a year. But
what makes the winds cool?
Q19.18 Applying the same considerations as in Question Q19.17,
explain why the island of Niihau, a few kilometers to the
southwest
of Kauai, is almost a desert and farms there need to be
irrigated.