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10.P is an abnormal craving to eat nonfood substances (.e. laundry starch). (Special note from your instructor: It's a concern because it can be toxic to the body, displace nutrients, block nutrient absorption, cause intestinal blockage. It can also lead to infections or poisoning.) 11. During the first trimester, a pregnant women's needs are the s_ as prior to pregnancy. She needs an additional 350-450kcal for the second and third trimesters. 12. Weight loss during pregnancy is never appropriate. Even if a women is o she is not told to lose weight during pregnancy. (Special note from your instructor: The book says some practitioners will sometimes recommend healthy, overweight woman to lose weight during pregnancy to "lose a few pounds." This is not a largely accepted practice, especially for someone who is only overweight (as opposed to obese). This might occur with a pregnant woman who is morbidly obese and the weight is causing health problems, but a morbidly obese woman has lower chances of successfully conceiving and this would represent very few cases.) 13. There is no known safe amount of a for a woman to drink during pregnancy. 14. A woman is recommended to gain twenty-five to t pounds during pregnancy if she was a healthy weight prior to pregnancy. 15. A healthy woman is recommended to gain no more than three to five pounds during the f trimester.
16. Morning sickness is the n and vomiting associated with pregnancy. (Special note from your instructor: The cause of morning sickness is not known, but it may be related to the hormones related to pregnancy. It can last throughout the entire pregnancy is often associated with positive outcomes, and does not only occur in the mornings.) 17. Strategies from your text that help alleviate morning sickness are eating small meals, drinking fluids between meals instead of during meals, and eating dry/starchy snacks (.e.c 18. Heartburn during pregnancy is caused by the pregnancy hormones causing the smooth muscles to relax, which includes the sphincter at the end of the e Additionally, the growing baby crowds the organs putting pressure stomach. 19. Constipation during pregnancy is caused by the pregnancy hormones causing the smooth muscles to relax, which includes the muscles of the c _. Additionally, the growing baby crowds the organs, which puts pressure on the colon. 20. A woman needs an additionalt grams per day of protein when she is pregnant. 21. Concerns related to teen pregnancy discussed in the text include inadequate weight gain, poor P _care, more alcohol, tobacco, and drug use. Other concerns include preterm births, low-birth- weight babies, and iron deficiency anemia. 22. Prepregnancy nutrition status is important for a woman because she may miss a critical period of the infant's growth as some women don't find out they're pregnant until 4 weeks or so. If this period of development has passed, the damage caused can't be undone. Neural tube defects is an example of this where the fetus' brain and spinal cord will not form properly if the pregnant woman does not consume enough fr in the first twenty-eight days after conception. 23. Nutrition status is important for men who want to have children because it impacts sperm health. Healthy nutrition reduces a in sperm. Drug/alcohol abuse reduce sperm number and motility. Smoking also damages sperm. Healthy nutrition promotes a healthy immune system that can protect against infection that can lead to sperm destruction. (Special note from your instructor: The main point I want you to know is that the health of the developing baby is not all up to the woman.) 24. Concerns related to caffeine consumption during pregnancy include that it can crosses the placenta and might cause fetal harm. It might increase risk form - preterm delivery, and impaired fetal growth. 25. The recommendation for maximum caffeine consumption of less than 200-300mg/day (~1-2 cups of coffee) is 1 to cause no harm.
26. F makes up forty to fifty percent of an infant's diet during the first year of life. This allows them to get enough kcal into their small stomachs. (Special note from your instructor: It makes up fifty-five percent in the first 6 months and drops down to forty percent in the second six months.) 27. The infant's iron storage lasts approximately s months. (Special note from your instructor: The baby is born with iron passed from the mother in the womb. This is why it's important that the mother consumes enough iron during pregnancy so the infant has sufficient iron storage at birth.) 28. Medical and nutrition professionals advise that breast milk is nutritionally sto formula and should be chosen when possible. (Special note from your instructor: Infant formulas you can purchase from the store try to copy the content of breast milk. They can come close, but there are significant differences. There is no doubt that breast milk is preferred when possible. However, the book does not give the discussion full context, and the last thing we need is someone to feel guilty for not being able to breastfeed their child for as long as they would have liked to. The book addresses some of the challenges for breastfeeding. One part that is not completely accurate is that it says some women have an easy time from the start and others don't. For those that don't, the book says it becomes successful and pleasurable with some professional guidance. This is not always the case for a variety of reasons, and this thinking has contributed to some mothers feeling shame and guilt from society and some medical providers for not breastfeeding for at least the first six months of life. For some women it is difficult and painful, and some
are not able to get enough nutrition to their child through breastfeeding alone. Let's not shame or guilt people; let's meet them where they are at and help them the best we can.) 29. Infants are ready for solid or semi-solid foods between 4-6 months of age. This is the age where the child should be developed enough to hold his/her head up with no s and bring food from the front to back of the mouth which are necessary for solids/semi solids. 30. Infants should be fed on demand or whenever they want. Healthy infants know how much and how they need to eat. Caretakers alter this when they force feed or bribe infants. The caretaker's job is to offer healthy, developmentally appropriate choices. (Special note from your instructor: This item was removed from the 3rd edition, but we discussed it several times throughout the course, especially in Chapter 3.) 31. Non-nutritional benefits of breastfeeding includes passing a and immune cells. Babies are less likely to have allergies, ear and some other infections, respiratory illness, constipation, diarrhea, and SIDS. It may reduce risk for asthma, obesity, diabetes. It helps with speech development and teeth formation. For the mother, it promotes bonding, is free, can inhibit ovulation, and helps the uterus recover. (Special note from your instructor: I added additional items not listed in the book, but the blank is in the text.) 32. Infants who are fed solids too early are likely to develop food a because their digestive tracts are immature and absorption of incompletely digested proteins can trigger an immune response. 33. The most commonly recommended first food is iron fortified r_ cereal because the child's iron stores start running low at this point, it's easily digested, and rarely causes allergic reactions. 34. The appropriate method for introducing infants to new foods is to offer each new food one at a time, for a week. Caretakers should watch for any allergic reactions before determining the food is s ___. After a week another new food may be added. 35. Cow's milk is developmentally inappropriate for infants because it's too high in protein and m 36. Whole cow's milk can be offered at one year of age. Once the child ist _, low-fat milk can be offered 37. G are developmentally inappropriate for infants because they are a choking hazard as they can easily get stuck in the infant's throat. 38. Large quantities of apple juice developmentally inappropriate for infants because it is poorly absorbed and can cause diarrhea. In addition, added sugars should be consumed in moderation. Also, if the infant fills up on juice, then he/she might r more nutritious items like breast milk or formula. (Special note from your instructor: Sorbitol is the item in juice that is poorly absorbed is in infants You learned about sorbitol
39. H is developmentally inappropriate for infants because it may contain spores of a bacteria that produces a potentially fatal toxin. Infants' digestive systems are not mature enough to prevent the bacteria from growing 40.C is the first milk that is produced by the breast, which contains more immune factors than milk produced later in lactation. 41. FASD is the mental and physical abnormalities caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Physical malformations as well as developmental and behavioral problems can develop. It is the most common and preventable cause of mental r_ in the US. (Special note from your instructor: The section of Ch. 16 that discusses this topic will refer you to a page in Chapter 4 where you will find the answer.) 42. F feeding is a better choice than breastfeeding if the mother has HIV, drinks alcohol, uses drugs, or takes prescription medications that can be passed into the breast milk. Additionally, infants who have special feeding needs may need specialized formula instead of breast milk. 43. Micronutrients of concern for infants include iron, Vitamins D, z_ __, and fluoride. 44. For infants who are e breastfed, no additional water needs to be consumed beyond that found in the breast milk. 45. G charts are used to track a child's growth by comparing a child's growth with that of other children. 46. A child's growth should remain c over time with slight variations. (Special note from your instructor: Children below the 5th or 10th percentile and above the 90th or 95th percentile are potential concerns.)
a 47. Nursing bottle syndrome is tooth d_ caused by prolonged contact with a bottle of milk, formula or other sugar containing substance that can happen when children are left alone with a bottle. (Special note from your instructor: This is why it's good to avoid putting a child to bed with a bottle.) 48. Colic is unconsolable infante spells that can last for hours. 49. The cause for colic is unknown but feeding too rapidly, overstimulation of the nervous system, swallowing -, and intestinal gas pain are some theories why it might occur. 50. Suggestions for reducing colic include having the mother avoid s or strongly flavored foods, changing formula, taking prescription medication (if severe). It usually resolves itself at 3 months age. 51. A is a potential concern at approximately 6 months of age because this is the approximate age when maternal stores passed to the infant begin to run low. 52. Twelve percent of p_ are considered obese. 53. Six to n -percent of youth are considered obese. 54. Calcium, V _, and iron are priority micronutrients for toddlers? 55. A trend in children's consumption is that s intake has increased and displaced dairy consumption. 56.M is a meal planning tool can parents use to offer foods that will help meet children's dietary needs. 57.0 during childhood increases risk for Type 2 Diabetes. 58. A new food might need to be offered s_ times before you know if the child likes and accepts it or not. (Special note from your instructor: Sometimes kids reject foods for other reasons (bad day, want to play, etc). This is why you should offer it many times on different days as part of different meals. Some texts suggest offering up to 20 times. Also, children most likely willing to try new foods when they are hungry, at the beginning of a meal, or when they see other family members or friends cating that food. Keep this in mind when trying to get kids to try veggies.) 59. The best way to determine if a child is receiving adequate nutrition is to observe if they have consistent growth along the growth c Ichannel. 60. High sugar foods are associated with increased risk of dental e 61. Ninety-nine percent of p_ schools participate in the National School Lunch Program. 62. The recommended percentage of calories from fat for 1-3 year olds ist to forty percent. These should be mostly the healthy fats. Notice that this is a decline from infancy but higher than the recommendation for adults.
63. T should be fed on a consistent routine. Every 2-3 hours is ideal. 64. When a child is overweight, calorie restriction is usually not recommended (or mild if it is recommended) because they are still g (Special note from your instructor: This one is not directly stated in the book, but we talked about it many times throughout the course.) 65. When a child is overweight, recommendations made instead of weight loss include slowing down the weight gain and allowing them to continue growing, offering nutrient dense foods, encouraging an increase in physical a 66. Micronutrients adolescents tend to be d_ in include Vitamin A, iron, and calcium. 67. Tobacco use impacts nutrient intake because smoking can reduce appetite, which can lead to body weight 68. Body image concerns in adolescence impact nutritional status because disordered eating patterns may develop, which can lead to malnutrition and possibly death. At this age, kids' bodies are changing and their self-esteem is developing. They may experiment with dangerous, f diets that could develop into an eating disorder. 69. Nutrients of concerns related to children on a vegan diet are too little protein, Vitamins D and B12, calcium, iron, zinc, and too much f_ 70. Based on the text, a child's nutrition is impacted by going to school because they may skip breakfast, rush through meals in order to p instead of cat, and make less nutritious choices. 71. Nutrition related concerns for children include diets low in meat/fish/poultry that may lead to developing deficiency anemia.
72. Children living with low income families may be at risk for food i_ and hunger. 73. Inadequate calcium intake can lead to lower peak b_ mass 74. No relationship has been shown that foods cause acne. However, a healthy diet does contribute to skin health. When people are s. out they may eat more "junk food" and then blame the food. However, we do have evidence that stress and hormonal changes contribute to acne. The food maybe a coincidence. Genetics and skin care routine (hygiene) can also play a role in the development of acne. 75. Alcohol and m impact teenagers' nutrition statuses because they can increase food consumption (and it's usually not the most nutrient dense food). 76. Cigarette smoking can impact teenagers' health because it reduces physical f_ and endurance. 77. While water recommendations are the s for older adults as compared to younger adults, older adults are less likely to drink enough. 78. Energy needs are for older adults as compared to younger adults. 79. One example from your text of how medication can be altered by nutrition is that Vitamin E enhances the effect of bloodt 80. The 9 Ds of geriatric weight loss are Dementia, Drugs, Dysphagia, Dysgeusia, Dentition, Depression, D - Disease, Dysfunction. (Special note from your instructor: They can be used as a checklist to assess how many of the warning signs of malnutrition a person has. The more risk factors a person has the more likely they are to be malnourished. This can be a great screening tool for health care providers.) 81. Some older adults have no income or live in p ___, which can prevent them from being able to purchase groceries. 82. An additional factor that may limit an older individual's nutrient consumption include social isolation that can be caused by death of a spouse, language barrier, or lack of adequate t 83. Physical disabilities like arthritis may prevent a person from being able to prepare food. Tooth or poorly fitting dentures may make c difficult. (Special note from your instructor: Vision deterioration may limit an individual's ability to prepare food. Altered mental status (i.e. due to dementia or Alzheimer's) may alter memory of eating or response to hunger. In addition to the ones above, there are a lot of challenges listed in the text that older people in your family or neighborhood may be struggling with even when they appear to be doing okay. Think about if there is an older person in your life or your community that would benefit from a check in.) 84. Since the development of k failure becomes more prevalent with age, protein usually must be reduced.
85. Since the development of hypertension becomes more prevalent with age, s_ must be reduced. 86. Possible benefits of exercise for older Americans include lowering risk of some chronic diseases, depression, dementia, injuries and ___ (Special note from your instructor: Exercise can also extend the number of active years, reduce the risk of disability, improve the quality of life, improve endurance, strength, flexibility, and balance, protect against bone loss, and more.) 87. Micronutrients of concern for older Americans include Vitamins D, K, B6, B12, calcium, iron, and f 88. The AMDR recommendations for the macronutrients for older Americans is 45-65% for c_ 20-35% for fat, and 10-35% for protein. 89. Older Americans are less likely to meet their fluid needs because of a reduction in the sense of thirst, mobility issues preventing access to beverages, medications that may increase water loss, kidneys releasing of more water with age, and a refusal to drink water (oftentimes to avoid frequent b_ trips). 90. Dysgeusia is an abnormalt perception where a person might choose to eat less because of a perceived unpleasant flavor of foods. 91. Xerostomia is dry mouth related to decreased s_ -production. This can make swallowing difficult which may make a person less likely to eat.