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Short Communications 403 The Band-rumped Storm-Petrel (Oceanodroma seabird within the Põhakuloa Training Area (PTA) castro) in the Pacific region was recently listed on the northern slopes of Mauna Loa between 2,090 under the Endangered Species Act (USFWS and 2,210 m elevation. The climate around this 2015). Once widespread along the Hawaiian island newly discovered Band-rumped Storm-Petrel colo- chain, as evidenced by midden sites on the main ny is relatively cool, dry, and tropical. The colony is Hawaiian Islands (Harrison 1990), its range is now found in 5,000- to 11,000-year-old pahoehoe lava limited (Olson and James 1982, Raine et al. with relatively low light pollution due to the terrain 2017a). and its remote location (Galase et al. 2016). Nest-site selection by species in the order Procellariiformes, such as the Band-rumped Study design Storm-Petrel, is influenced by competition, light The PTA Natural Resource Office (NRO) staff pollution, conspecific attraction, and predator identified nesting locations based on direct and density (Schramm 1986, Podolsky and Kress indirect observations during the 2015-2017 breeding 1989, Buxton et al. 2015). Globally, Band-rumped seasons (Fig. 1). The PTA NRO staff observed more Storm-Petrels nest in a variety of habitat types active nests in the subsequent field seasons following including rock, soil with vegetation, and mixed rock and soil (Ramos et al. 1997, Slotterback the discovery of the first active nest in 2015 (Galase 2019). However, the first active nest site found in 2002), but little is known about their nesting 2015 was also active in 2017. We defined nests of the ecology in the Hawaiian Islands. Band-rumped Storm-Petrel in this study as lava This pelagic seabird spends most of its life at sea and only comes to land during the summer crevices utilized to lay eggs and raise chicks during breeding season to nest in steep, heavily vegetated the breeding season. We defined direct observations cliffs and high-elevation volcanic terrain (Slotter- of nests (N = 2) by the visual presence of seabird back 2002). In this study, we explored nest-site activity via camera traps. We defined indirect selection and associated ecological variables in the observations of nests (N=9) by multiple indicators only known nesting colony of the Hawaiian of presence including feathers, scent detection, and population of the Band-rumped Storm-Petrel, acoustic evidence of nesting in a crevice. which was recently discovered (Galase et al. Using a paired design, we evaluated factors 2016). We predicted that crevices selected for potentially influencing nest-site selection at the 11 nesting would be deeper and larger compared with sites by comparing characteristics of nest sites with nearby crevices not selected for nesting, consistent those of 4 corresponding randomly selected crev- ices within 100 m of each nest site (Table 1). We with findings on nesting preferences of other Procellariiformes (Bourgeois and Vidal 2007, generated the corresponding random points using Fricke et al. 2015). QGIS software Random Points' tool based on the GPS locations of the observed nests (QGIS Development Team 2016). We evaluated character- Methods istics including width and height of the outer Study area crevice opening, width and height of the inner The first confirmed Band-rumped Storm-Petrel crevice opening, percent cover of dirt or lava rock nest in the Hawaiian Islands was recently discovered on the ground of the crevice entrance, percent cover using acoustic monitoring, a search dog, and night of vegetation on the ground of the crevice entrance, vision surveillance while conducting surveys for the percent cover of vegetation within a 2 m radius of U.S. Army at Põhakuloa Training Area (PTA) on the crevice entrance, depth, and elevation, for each Hawai'i island (Galase et al. 2016). Although nest site and 4 corresponding randomly located Hawaiian Petrels (Pterodroma sandwichensis) also points. At the random points, we measured the nest in high-elevation volcanic terrain on Hawai'i closest crevice opening to the point that was island, they are found within the confines of a physically accessible in the pahoehoe lava. We predator-proof fence between 2,440 and 2,900 m then calculated the mean values for the 4 associated elevation on the southeast flank of Mauna Loa in random points and compared them to paired values Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (Hu et al. 2001). for the respective storm petrel nest site. We The Band-rumped Storm-Petrel is the only nesting classified depth as deep >1 m) or shallow (<1
404 The Wilson Joumal of Omithology. vol. 131, No. 2, June 2019 Nests PTA Boundary TOO 2000 m N Figure 1. Map of Band-rumped Storm-Petrel nests (N=11) in Põhakuloa Training Area (PTA), Hawai'i island. m) due to measuring constraints in the cavernous applied the Bonferroni correction to determine the and narrow lava system. significance of characteristics, as multiple charac- Parametric tests (paired t-tests) were used to teristics were tested (a = 0.05/11 = 0.0045). We identify characteristics that significantly differed also computed the standardized difference by between nests and paired random locations. We using Cohen's d, to enable comparison with other Table 1. Nest-site selection by the Band-rumped Storm-Petrel, with comparisons of nest sites and randomly selected locations (N = 11) via paired /-tests. ) Nest-site scale Nest SE Random & SE Test statistic P Standardized difference Width of opening (cm) Height of opening (cm) Width of inner opening (cm) Height of inner opening (cm) % of dirt at opening % of lava at opening % of dirt at 2 m % of lava at 2 m % of vegetation at opening % of vegetation at 2 m Elevation (m) Depth (frequency)" 104.20 + 30.78 28.50 -8.07 93.55 = 22.61 23.50 +4.05 30.27 = 11.69 69.55 + 11.65 19.55 +6.11 80.45 +6.11 1.91 = 1.21 5.73 = 3.62 2,145.00 – 11.61 1.00 + 0.00 38.82 + 8.09 15.47 + 1.39 41.11 + 8.76 12.98 + 1.73 10.34 + 4.65 89.66 + 4.65 8.27 + 2.11 91.73 + 2.11 0.46 + 0.46 1.80 + 0.74 2.145.00 + 11.26 0.22 +0.147 110 = 1.57 110 = 1.61 110 = 1.29 110 = 2.53 110 = 1.51 110 = -1.53 110 = 1.68 110 = -1.67 110 = 1.07 110 = 1.27 110 - 0.05 110 = 11.02 0.156 0.138 0.239 0,032 0.162 0.158 0.124 0.124 0.309 0.233 0.962 <0.001 d = 0.523 d = 0,487 d = 0.455 d = 0.801 d = 0.455 d = 0.460 d = 0.506 d=0.506 d=0.323 d = 0.383 d = 0.015 d d = 1.764 Frequency of Deep Nests (>1 m). Indicates significance under the Bonferroni correction (a=0,05/11 = 0.0045).
Short Communications 405 studies and datasets. All statistical analyses were Currently, the O. castro nests found on PTA are conducted in the statistical environment of R (R the only known active 0. castro nests across the Core Team 2013) entire species range in the Hawaiian Islands. Surveying other areas may be useful in expanding Results our understanding of the species habitat use on Hawai'i island. High-resolution satellite imagery We found 11 Band-rumped Storm-Petrel nests may aid in the identification of similar terrain, on PTA during the 2017 breeding season. Our suitable for the development of predator-free results indicate that lava crevices were significant- conservation areas. ly deeper (t10 = 11.02, P < 0.001) than randomly Management guidelines for this species are available lava crevices (Table 1). Sample size was under development by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife relatively small, but this characteristic also had a Service. Typical management actions that are large standardized difference (depth d = 1.764; known to protect breeding populations of seabirds Table 1), strengthening support for this result. No include predator control and Predator-proof fenc- other variables measured showed a significant ing in suitable nesting areas. This study provides difference between lava crevices selected for guidance in identifying characteristics associated nesting and those nearby. with preferred nest sites in this species. We found that most Band-rumped Storm-Petrel Future recovery efforts for this species may nests on PTA were larger than 1 m deep and include translocation to protected areas away from consisted mostly of lava with less than 6% known threats, such as introduced predators, an vegetation surrounding them (Table 1). The mean approach successful in other seabird species (Jones width of the nest opening was 104.20 – 30.78 cm and Kress 2012). To implement this conservation and the mean height of the nest opening was 28.50 tool, the identification of source populations and + 8.07 cm (Table 1). We included a photograph of nesting pairs with high breeding success is crucial. an active nest in the supplementary information Further research examining characteristics associ- (Fig. SI). ated with successful nesting attempts will be essential to recover the endangered populations Discussion of the Band-rumped Storm-Petrel. Band-rumped Storm-Petrels nested in signifi- Acknowledgments cantly deeper lava crevices than those randomly We thank the United States Army Garrison, Põhakuloa available in the area. Previous studies on procel- Natural Resource Office, for base access to the Band- lariiform species have identified similar preferenc-rumped Storm-Petrel breeding grounds. Funding was es for dry locations with deeper and winding nest provided by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Species chambers (Bourgeois and Vidal 2007, Fricke et al. Funding (Grant Number: F16AC00833) and Hawaii Audu- 2015). Preference for depth could reflect the bon Society (Student Research Grant). pressure from predators as narrow and deep lava holes may provide protection from invasive mammalian predators, such as cats (Felis catus) and rats (Rattus spp.), that are found in the area (Galase et al. 2016), Previous nesting ecology studies on procellarii- form species found that light intensity, predator density, and interspecies competition influence nesting preferences (Schramm 1986, Ramos et al. 1997, Buxton et al. 2015). We did not test for these factors because there is no artificial light source in view at the study location, no difference in predator management across the nesting area, and no other seabird species nesting in the study area.