Regular Exercise May Help Protect Against Severe COVID-19 More exercise means less risk of developing severe COVID-19, a

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Regular Exercise May Help Protect Against Severe Covid 19 More Exercise Means Less Risk Of Developing Severe Covid 19 A 1 (225.81 KiB) Viewed 20 times

Regular Exercise May Help Protect Against Severe COVID-19 More exercise means less risk of developing severe COVID-19, according to a study of physical activity and coronavirus hospitalizations. The study, which involved 48,440 adults from California who developed COVID-19 during the period of Jan 14 2020 to Oct 21 2020, found that those who had been the most active before falling ill were 70% less likely to be hospitalized. This study was conducted at Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC), an integrated healthcare system that serves approximately 4.7 million residents in Southern California at 15 medical centres. Subjects of the study have to be enrolled at KPSC for at least 6 months prior to their COVID-19 diagnosis, and they are required to have at least three outpatient visits for the trained medical assistants or nurses to ask their typical exercise habits over the previous 2 months. Of the 48,440 subjects in the study, 6,984 were classified as "inactive" (exercise < 10 mins/week), 3,118 as “most active” (exercise > 150 mins/week) and 38,338 as “some activity" (exercise 10 to 150 mins/week). It's found that 732 of the inactive were hospitalized, compared with 99 from the most active group. A 10-minute walk might be especially beneficial for people awaiting their first vaccine, says Dr. Robert Sallis, a family and sports medicine doctor at the Kaiser Permanente Fontana Medical Center, who led the study. "I would never suggest that someone who does regular exercise should consider not getting the vaccine. But until they can get it, I think regular exercise is the most important thing they can do to lessen their risk. And doing regular exercise will likely be protective against any new variants, or the next new virus out there." a) (4 points] Is the above study a (i) randomized experiment, (ii) case-control study, (iii) prospective study or (iv) retrospective study? Explain. b) [9 points) For each of the 3 options you did not choose in part (a), provide one reason on why it's not preferred. (That is, if you chose (i) in part (a), you should provide one reason for why (ii) is not preferred, (iii) is not preferred and (iv) is not preferred). c) (11 points) Describe how the above study can be performed through a case-control study by including the following: (i) How the subjects were chosen? Are there any criteria/restrictions on the subjects? (ii) How the two groups are formed? (iii) How the explanatory variable is assigned to (or observed from) the two groups? (iv) What's the key measurement/statistic you would like to compare between the two groups? d) [8 points] Comment on reliability of the news based on each of the 3 critical components below. Which one do you think is the least reliable? Explain. (i) Who are the individuals (or objects) of the study, and how they were selected (ii) Differences in groups being compared, in addition to the factor of interest (iii) The Extent/size of any claimed effects or differences