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20.1 Energy Flow through Ecosystems A. An is a community of living organisms and their abiotic (non-living) environment. B. What are the 3 broad categories of ecosystems? 1. 2. 3. C. A is a largescale community of organisms, defined by the dominant plant types that exist in regions with similar climatic conditions. D. is a dynamic state of an ecosystem in which biodiversity remains somewhat constant. E. Two parameters are used to measure changes in ecosystems: and F. The ability of an ecosystem to remain at equilibrium in spite of disturbances is called G. The speed at which an ecosystem recovers after being disturbed is called H. A is a linear sequence of organisms through which nutrients and energy pass as one organism eats another. I. What are the 4 levels of a food chain? 1. 2. 3. 4. J. Each organism in a food chain occupies a specific , its position in the food chain or food web. K. Organisms which break down dead and decaying organisms are called L. Organisms which consume organic detritus (waste) are called M. The base, or foundation, of the food chain consists of photosynthetic organisms (plants or phytoplankton), which are called N. The organisms that consume producers are herbivores: the consumers. O. consumers are usually carnivores that eat primary consumers. P. consumers are carnivores that eat other carnivores.
Q. Organisms at the top of the food chain are consumers. R. One major factor that limits the number of steps in a food chain is S. is lost at and between trophic levels as heat and in transfer to decomposers. T. A is a concept that accounts for multiple trophic (feeding) interactions between species. U. are organisms capable of synthesizing their own food. V. Photosynthetic autotrophs called use sunlight as an energy source. W. Chemosynthetic autotrophs called use inorganic molecules as an energy source. X. The rate at which photosynthetic producers incorporate energy from the Sun is called Y. The energy that remains in producers after accounting for their respiration and heat loss is called Z. The amount of energy available to primary consumers at the next trophic levels is the AA. is the increasing concentration of persistent, toxic substances in organisms at each successive trophic level. AB. What 3 types of compounds are known as biomagnifiers? 1. 2. 3. AC. What 3 metals are known to be biomagnifiers? 1. 2. 3. 20.2 Biogeochemical Cycles A. Recycling of inorganic matter between living organisms and their nonliving environment is called a B. Fill in where water exists on the earth based on the percentages provided below from figure 20.9. 1. 97.5% of water is (in the oceans). 2. The remaining 2.5% is divided up among: a. 68.9% in glaciers and b. 30.8% in c. 0.3% in and