Answer Happy

A horizontal, carbon steel pipeline is being used to transport a multi-phase mixture of oil, gas and water. The inner diameter of the pipeline is 190.0 mm and the wall thickness is 20.0 mm. The fluid temperature at the pipeline inlet is 60.0∘C and the ambient surrounding temperature is 9.0∘C. Carbon steel has a thermal conductivity, k, of 45.0 W⋅m−1⋅K−1. The film heat transfer coefficient on the outside of the pipeline, h0​, is 32.0 W⋅m−2⋅K−1. The process fluid has the following specifications: Mass flow rate: m˙=35.0 kg s−1 Mixed density: ρ=525 kg m−3 Mixed viscosity: μ=0.00330 N s m−2 Mixed specific heat capacity at constant pressure: Cp​=3.16 kJ kg−1 K−1 Mixed thermal conductivity: k=0.635 W m−1 K−1 i. Calculate the film heat transfer coefficient, hi​, on the inside of the pipeline. ii. Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient, U. iii. The hydrate formation temperature is determined to be 14.0∘C. How far from the pipeline inlet will hydrates potentially form?