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Below are data from a study (described in this module) conducted by Michael Lesser, Marc Slattery, and other colleagues. The rate of photosynthesis (graph A) and the amount of carbohydrate present (graph B), an indication of photosynthetic production of sugars, were determined in sponges exposed to current temperature and pH (control) or to one of three test groups: the expected pH in the year 2100 (test group 1), the expected temperature in 2100 (test group 2), or both (test group 3). (Note: Significant difference between groups is denoted by a different letter above the bars; if groups share the same letter, they are not statistically different.) A: PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACTIVITY 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 a b m 0.3- 0.2- 0 b Control Reduced B: CARBOHYDRATE (FOOD SOURCE) IN SPONGE TISSUE 30 10 0 a Elevated Elevated PH temperature temperature and reduced pH Karr, Scientific American: Environmental Science for a Changing World, 4e, © 2021 W. H. Freeman and Company a Control a b Reduced Elevated Elevated pH temperature temperature and reduced pH Which groups in graph A are significantly different from the control in terms of photosynthetic activity? The elevated temperature group is the only group significantly different than the control group. All of the test groups are significantly different from the control group. None of the test groups are significantly different than the control group. O The reduced pH and elevated temperature group is significantly different than the control group.
Select the ways that acidic water negatively affects shell formation. H+ reacts with HCO3 to increase shell thickness. H+ inhibits shell formation by binding with Ca²+. H+ dissolves shells by releasing Ca²+ and HCO3. H+ binds to the CO3²- needed to make shells. H+ dissociates H₂CO3 to release CO₂, which reduces acidity.