Answer Happy

3. In the following problem, "o.s." means "oxidation state". Write the formula of a salt which contains (a) S in +6 o.s. (b) N in +5 o.s. (c) Cl in +7 o.s. ; S in +4 o.s. ; Nin +3 o.s. Cl in +5 o.s. ;S in -2 o.s. ; N in -3 o.s. Cl in -1 o.s.

APPENDIX C COMMON OXIDATION STATES OF SIX ELEMENTS IMPORTANT IN REDOX CHEMISTRY Much of the redox chemistry in this course can be derived from about six elements. The six are Cl, Cr, Mn, N, O, and S. The common oxidation states of each element, in turn, will be displayed on a vertical number scale, with compounds and ions listed that exhibit each particular oxidation number. In general, compounds at the very highest oxidation level are likely to be oxidizing agents. (Certainly not reducing agents, Why?). Compounds at the very bottom are likely to be reducing agents. (Certainly not oxidizing agents. Why?) Compounds exhibiting intermediate oxidation states can go either way. It depends on the other reagent involved, If that reagent is a stronger reducing agent (RA), the first will become the oxidizing agent (OA), and vice versa. 1. Chlorine Oxidation No. +7 +5 +3 +1 0 -1 2. Chromium Oxidation No. +6 +3 0 3. Manganese Oxidation No. +7 972- Chlorine compound (Cl₂O), HC104, CIO HCIO), CIO HC1O₂, CIO₂ (CL₂O), HCIO, CIO Cl₂ CI- Chromium compound Acidic Cr₂0,2 (orange) Cr³+ (green or violet) Cr Basic CrO₂² (yellow) Cr(OH) (green) Manganese compound MnO, (purple) (permanganate ion) MnO, (green) (manganate ion) MnO₂ Mn Mn Characteristics Cl₂O, is unstable HCIO, is a strong OA, reduced to Cl Strong OA, reduced to Cl Good OA, reduced to Cl Good OA, reduced to Cl Good OA, reduced to Cl Characteristics Both are very strong OA's Cr(OH) is amphoteric The metal Characteristics Strong OA, reduced to a) Mn in acid sol'n b) MnO, in neutral or slightly basic sol'n c) MnO, in strongly basic sol'n Easily reduced to MnO, Brown insoluble solid Pale pink to colorless The metal

4. Nitrogen Oxidation No. +5 5. Oxygen wo #t # $ 6. Sulfur +4 +3 +2 +1 0 -3 Oxidation No. 0 ܘ -1 -2 Oxidation No. +6 +4 +2 0 -2 APPENDIX C CONTINUED Nitrogen compound N₂O5, HNO3, NO3 NO₂ N2O3, HNO2, NO₂ NO N₂0 N₂ NH3, NH* Oxygen compound 0₂ H₂O2 H₂O, OH- Sulfur compound SO3, H2SO4, HSO4, SO4²- SO2, H2SO3, HSO3', SO3²- S₂03²- S H₂S, HS, S²- Characteristics Strong OA, reduced to a. NO₂ in conc. Acid(28M) b. NO in dilute acid (≤6M), but can go all the way to NH3 with strong RA's Brown gas Only NO₂ is stable. active as OA or RA Colorless, but oxidized in air to NO₂ (brown) Supports combustion about like oxygen RA but not common Characteristics The most abundance OA OA or RA Characteristics conc, acid is strong OA OA or RA thiosulfate ion; used as RA in analytical chemistry strong RA; usually oxidized to S

+ 1 2 IA IIA 1 1,000 3 Li 6.34 11 12 Na Mg 22 90976 24.305 19 390083 37 +2 4 Be 9.012163 Rb 65 467 55 Cs 132.9055 87 Fr 12251 38 Sr 6762 56 Ba 137 327 88 Ra 12201 20 21 22 Ca Sc Ti 40 070 44,9550 47 M7 39 : H 2.1 LI Be 1.0 1.5 Fr 0.7 Na Mg 0.9 1.2 K 0.8 Rb 0.8 Cs 0.7 3 IB 57-71 ** 4 IVB 89-103 వ V 000415 40 41 Zr Nb 88 90584 91.224 92 90637 Ca Sc 1.0 1.3 Sr 1.0 Ba 0.9 Ra 0.9 Y 1.2 Atomic weights are abridged to seven significant figures Bolded atomic weights are conventional values instead of their intervals. 42 29 30 Cu Zn 15.546 47 1634 48 Ag Cd 107 82 112 411 80 104 Rf 12971 5 VB 72 73 Hf Ta 170 49 150 479 Ti 1.5 58 59 Ce 140 115 Zr 1.4 23 24 25 Cr Mn 51.9001 04 03804 42 43 Tc 196 75 Re 160 207 Hf 1.3 6 VIB 57 La Pr 140 9070144 242 158 8055 89 90 91 92 Ac Th Pa U 227 232 0361 221 0358 236 0099 V 1.6 Periodic Table of the Elements 7 9 10 VIIB VillB Nb 1.6 105 107 Db Sg Bh 12001 1219 12291 Ta 1.5 Mo 95.00 74 W 18384 106 Cr 1.6 8 HAS 93 1.8. W Mn 1.5 26 Fe 55 M45 44 45 46 Ru Rh Pd 101.07 1020055 106 42 77 76 Os 100 23 108 Hs 12001 60 61 63 62 Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd 150.34 94 155.994 95 137.25 96 Np Pu Am Cm pah 1240 1243 27 28 Co Ni 56 93319 58 34 Fe 1.8 Mo Tc 1.9 Re Os 1.7 1.9 2.2 Ru 2.2 Ir 180 217 109 Mt 12275) Co 1.9 Rh 8222=2 78 Pt 195 084 110 Ds PASI 2,2 11 18 Electronegativities 64 65 Ni 1.9 Pd 2.2 Pt 2.2 Bk 245 2471 111 Rg Cn 66 Tb Dy 454 9252 462.500 97 98 49 In 114010 118710 79 81 82 Au Hg TI 120 9005 20059 204 3433 Cu 328232 12 IIB 1.9 Ag +3 5 B 10.01 1.9 Au 2.4 13 14 15 16 A IVA VA VIA 112 113 Zn 1.6 Cd 1.7 13 Al 20 99109 31 Ga Ge 40 723 Hg 1.9 6 Nh 12001 Cf (253) 12571 13560 67 Ho 4 0505 99 Es Fm 2250 -3-2-1 8 C 2.5 7 N 14.007 15 P 309738 In 1.7 TI Pb 1.8 1.9 69 70 Tm Yb 167 259 108 8342 173 054 101 102 Md No 12.04 34 33 As Se 74.9216 28.06 51 52 Sb Te 127 60 84 Po DOW 116 83 Bi 208 9704 115 Mc 226 15.999 16 B 2.0 Al 1.5 1.8 2.1 Ga Ge As 1.6 1.8 2.0 Sn Sb 1.8 1.9 17 VIA 9 F 18.00640 17 LL 35.45 35 Br 79 904 53 126 9045 85 At 12101 117 N O 3.0 Si P S CI 2.5 3.0 Se Br 2.4 2.8 Te J 2.7 At 71 Lu 174 900 103 Lr pen F 3.5 4.0 18 VIA 2 Lv Ts Og 2931 1294 3941 He 4.000000 10 Ne 20.1797 18 Ar 39.545 36 Kr 63.799 54 Xe 31.299 86 Rn 2220 118 He Ne Ar Kr 2.9 Xe 2.6 2.1 Bi Po Rn 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.2