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ALIPHATIC AND AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS Procedure: 1. Physical State, Color, and Odor 1. Observe the physical state and appearance of the sample at room temperature. 2. Note the color. With a wafting motion of the hand over the mouth of the test tube, investigate the odor. Describe it. II. Solubility in Conc. Sulfuric acid 1. Add a drop of the sample cautiously to about 1 mL of conc. Sulfuric acid. Use dry and calibrated droppers. Describe its solubility as soluble (miscible) or insoluble (immiscible). 2. Note any color change and/or warming effect. III. Ignition Test 1. Place 3-5 drops of the liquid sample in a small evaporating dish and light with a match. If the sample is solid, use a pinch amount. 2. Observe if the sample is flammable or not. Note the color of flame produced. OPTIONAL: if flammable, observe burning time. IV. Tests for Active Unsaturation a. Baeyer's Test 1. Place 5 drops of the sample in a dry test tube. Add 2 drops of 2% KMnO, solution. Shake the test tube vigorously and observe the rate and extent at which the reagent is decolorized. 2. Note the formation of a brown suspension. Compare with water as a negative control. Decolorization of the reagent is immediate if it occurs within 1 minute. Note down the results. b. Bromine Test 1. Place 5 drops of the sample in a dry test tube. Add 10 drops of 0.5% Br₂ in CCI, reagent. Shake the test tube vigorously and observe the rate and extent (color change) by which the reagent decolorized or when bromine color is discharged. OPTIONAL: Place moistened blue litmus paper on a glass rod across the mouth of the test tube and note any color change. 2. Compare with water as a negative control. of the reagent failed to decolorize within 1 minute, expose the reaction mixture to sunlight. Note down the results. V. Tests for Aromaticity: Nitration 1. Place 2 mL of conc. Nitric acid in an Erlenmeyer flask. Immerse the flask in an evaporating dish containing water and graduany aud 2 mL of conc. Sulfuric acid.
gradually add 2 mL of conc. Sulfuric acid. Cool the resulting mixture to room temperature. This will serve as the nitrating mixture. 2. Place 5 drops of the sample in a dry test tube. Add 8 drops of the nitrating mixture and shake the test tube to ensure complete mixing. Note the formation of a yellow oily layer or droplet. Dilute with 20 drops of water. 3. If there is no apparent reaction observed within minute, place the test tube in a water bath (50degC) for 10 minutes. Dilute with 20 drops of water. Note down the results. VI. Basic Oxidation Place 4 drops of the sample in a test tube, add 8 drops of 2% KMnO, solution and 3 drops of 10% NaOH solution. Warm each tube in water bath 2 minutes and observe any color change and the formation of a brown precipitate. Questions: I. Hydrocarbons 1. Physical state at RT Appearance Color Odor II. Solubility in conc H,SO, III. Ignition Test IV. Baeyer's test (theoretical visible result) Bromine Test (theoretical visible result) V. Test For aromaticity Nitration (theoretical visible result) VI. Basic Oxidation (theoretical visible result) Compound Hexane Benzene 1. Differentiate the following types of hydrocarbons based on structure: a. Acyclic and cyclic b. Saturated, unsaturated, and actively unsaturated c. Aliphatic and aromatic 2. Give the reaction and general mechanism involved in the following chemical tests: a. Baeyer's test b. Bromine test c. Aromaticity: nitration 3. How is Huckel's rule applied in determining aromaticity?
4. How does the number of carbon atoms affect the degree of luminosity of the flame produced? ORGANIC HALIDES Procedure: 1. Beilstein Test: Copper Halide Test 1. Make a small loop with one end of the copper wire. Heat the loop directly in the oxidizing zone of a non-luminous flame. Continue heating until green color imparted to the flame disappears. 2. Cool the loop slightly and dip it into the solid or liquid sample. Heat the loop with the sample in a non-luminous flame: first in the inner zone, then in the outer zone near the edge of the flame. A blue-green (or green) - colored indicates the presence of chloride, bromine, or iodine. II. S1 Reactivity: Reaction with Alcoholic AgNO, 1. Add 5 drops of the sample to 20 drops of 2% ethanolic AgNO, Shake and record the time in seconds or minutes for a silver halide precipitate to form. Describe the color of the precipitate. III. S, 2 Reactivity: Reaction with Nal in Acetone 1. Use dry test tubes for this experiment. Add 5 drops of the sample to 2 drops of 15% Nal in anhydrous acetone. Mix the contents and note the time (in seconds or minutes) required for a precipitate to form. Describe the color of precipitate. Questions: Results Compound Beilstein test Reaction with 2% ethanolic AgNO, n-butyl chloride sec-butyl chloride tert-butyl chloride chlorobenzene Reaction with 15% Nalin anhydrous acetone 1. Differentiate primary, secondary and tertiary alpha- carbon atoms in organic halides. What is common in their alpha-corcon come
III. S, 2 Reactivity: Reaction with Nal in Acetone 1. Use dry test tubes for this experiment. Add 5 drops of the sample to 2 drops of 15 % Nal in anhydrous acetone. Mix the contents and note the time (in seconds or minutes) required for a precipitate to form. Describe the color of precipitate. Questions: Results Compound Beilstein test Reaction with 2% ethanolic AgNO, In-butyl chloride sec-butyl chloride tert-butyl chloride chlorobenzene Reaction with 15% Nalin anhydrous acetone 1. Differentiate primary, secondary and tertiary alpha- carbon atoms in organic halides. What is common in their alpha-carbon atoms? 2. Give the principle and general reaction involved in Beilstein test. 3. Differentiate S1 and S,2 reactivity of organic halides in terms of the following: a. Number of molecules involved in the rate- determining step b. Strength of the nucleophile reagent 4. Which organic halide/s studied is/are; Explain your answer a. Positive with Beilstein test b. Most S, 1 reactive. c. Most S, 2 reactive d. Unreactive towards S, 1 and S,2