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EXPERIMENT - Determination of Reaction Yield INTRODUCTION Stoichiometry calculations are about calculating the amounts of substances that react and form in a chemical reaction. The word "stoichiometry" comes from the Greek stoikheion "element" and metri "measure." Based on the balanced chemical equation, we can calculate the amount of a product substance that will form if we begin with a specific amount of one or more reactants. Or, you may have a target amount of product to prepare. How much starting compounds are needed to prepare this amount? These are practical calculations that are done frequently by chemists. In this experiment, you will prepare copper metal from the reaction of aluminum metal with a solution of copper(II) sulfate (cupric sulfate). From the amounts of the reactants, you will determine which reactant is the limiting reactant, and from this amount, calculate the theoretical yield of copper metal. From the actual amount of copper obtained, you can then calculate your percent yield of copper. THE CALCULATION METHOD For practically all stoichiometry calculations, we want to use the.... & Fabulous Four Steps Step 1: Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction. Step 2: Calculate the moles of "given" substance. If more than one reactant amount is given, calculate the moles of each to determine which is the limiting reactant. Step 3: Calculate the moles of "desired" substance from your answer in Step 2 using the coefficients from the balanced chemical equation. If more than one reactant was given originally, you can calculate the moles of product nwice, based on the moles of each reactant. The reactant that gives the smaller moles of product is the limiting reactant. Keep this answer for Step 4 Step 4: Convert your answer in Step 3 to the units the problem asks for. Usually this is grams, but it could be volume (for gases or liquid solutions) or concentration (such as molarity, for solutions). Again, in brief: 1. Balanced reaction. 2. Moles of "given" substance(s). 3. Moles of "desired" substance such as a product. 4. Convert Step 3 answer to the units asked for.
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS LATIONSoits to noitenimmstⱭ-TZEMIAN EXAMPLE 1. How many grams of iron(III) oxide (ferric oxide), Fe2O, are formed from the reaction of 5.00 g of iron metal with excess oxygen gas? Step 1: Balanced reaction. 4 Fe (s) + 30₂ (g) →2 Fe₂O, (s) Step 2: Moles of "given" substance. The given substance is the iron metal, since its amount is given. moles of Fe = grams of Fe/molar mass of Fe = 5.00 g/55.845 g/mol = 0.08953353 mol (not rounding yet). Note that gram units cancel, leaving the unit of moles for the answer 0.08953353 mol Fe moles of Fe= 5.00 Pe X 1 1 mol Fe 55.847 ge Step 3: Moles of "desired" substance. This is the product, ferric oxide. Here is where the balanced reaction comes in. The coefficients in the balanced reaction represent the moles of the substances that react and form. As such, balanced reactions are "in" moles by default. This is why we always have to convert amounts to moles when working stoichiometry problems. moles of Fe 0, 0.044766765 mol Fe-0, 0.08953353 molte X 1 Step 4: Grams of Fe-0₁.. Grams of FeO, 2 mol Fe0, 4 molte moles of FeO, X molar mass of Fe,0, -0.044766765 t X 159.6882 get-7.15 g rounded to 3 significant figures. And that's it! We can also do steps 2 through 4 like a conversion problem. Once you are familiar with the steps, you can work these problems more quickly this way: 5.00 X 1 mott's X 2 mol FeO, X 159.6882 g Fe:0₁ 55.845-Pe 4 molte mol Fe 0, = 7.15 g of FeO, When working stoichiometry problems, always do the following: a) Write the units on all numbers. b) Check that the units cancel properly. e) Give the correct unit for the answer. d) Avoid rounding numbers too much during the calculation, or you will have roundoff error in your answer. e) Round your final answer to the correct number of significant figures.
EXAMPLE 2. If 10.0 g of iron metal is reacted with 15.0 g of Cl, gas, how many grams of ferric chloride, FeCl,, will form? In this problem, the amounts of both reactants are given, so we will have to determine which reactant is the limiting reactant (the one that "limits the amount of product that is formed). The other reactant is in excess amount. We'll use the Fab Four Steps just as before. Step 1: Balanced reaction. 2 Fe (s) + 3 Cl; (g) 2 Fech (s) Step 2: Moles of given substances. moles of Fe- 10.0 g/55.845 g/mol 0.17906706 mol moles of Cl, 15.0 g/70.906 g/mol-0.211547682 mol Step 3: Moles of desired substance, FeCl₂. Since we have two given amounts, a straightforward approach to this step is to calculate the moles of FeCl, twice, first based on the moles of Fe and second based on the moles of Cly. Keep the smaller answer. The reactant that gives this smaller answer is the limiting reactant. The other reactant is in excess amount. moles of FeCl, - 0.17906706 mol Fc X 2 mol FeCl, based on Fe 2 mol Fe 0.17906706 mol of FeCly moles of FeCl = 0.211547682 mol Cl. X 2 mol FeCl 0.141031788 mol of FeCl, based on Cl₂ 1 3 mol Cl₂ -Keep this answer! Since the moles of FeCl, based on moles of Cl; is the smaller answer. Cls is the limiting reactant. Iron metal is therefore in excess amount, so there will be some Fe left over as unreacted excess. Note that we might have reasonably assumed that iron metal was the limiting reactant since it was present in lesser amount in grams initially (10.0 g of Fe and 15.0 g of Cl₂). But it turned out that Cl, was the limiting reactant. The molar masses of the substances and the reaction stoichiometry come into play also. so we can't automatically assume which substance is the limiting reactant until we go through the steps as we did above. Step 4: Finally! Convert moles of FeCl, to grams. Grams of FeCl 0.141031788 mol X 162.204 g/mol 22.9 g rounded to 3 significant figures: Practice makes perfect! Working stoichiometry problems properly will strengthen your skills in working many other types of chemistry problems as well.
PERCENT YIELD The percent yield of a reaction tells us how well the reaction worked in terms of forming a desired product. Percent Yield Actual (Experimental) Yield of Product Theoretical (Calculated) Yield of Product Remember, "Actual Over Theoretical Times 100." X 100 500 The unit of the amounts may be in grams or moles. Usually we use grams, since we will have weighed the product on a balance in gram units. Percent Yield of Fe₂0,= 6.75 X 100 94.4% 7.15 g EXAMPLE. In Example 1 above, let's say that the student obtained 6.75 g of ferric oxide product. The theoretical yield of ferric oxide calculated with the Fabulous Four Steps was 7.15 g. The percent yield of ferric oxide from the reaction is therefore, Generally, less than 100% yields are obtained. The reaction may not have sufficient time to go to completion, and if the product is transferred from on container to another, or is filtered, there is always some small loss. Therefore, the less "handling." the better the yield will be. If undesired "side reactions" occur in addition to the desired reaction, the yield will be affected. The use of impure reactants can adversely affect the percent yield also. On the other hand, it is impossible to obtain more than a 100% yield! If your calculated percent yield is more than 100%, then, aside from weighing errors, there is some additional substance present in your product making it weigh more than it should. If a solid product is prepared in aqueous solution. incomplete drying is the usual culprit, since the wet solid, which may appear dry, will weigh more than the dry solid product. Chemists use the method of heating to constant weight to avoid this error. If other impurities are present in the product, other methods must be used to remove them, such as extraction, recrystallization, distillation, and chromatography. These techniques are often used by chemists to isolate and purify the desired product from the reaction mixture as effectively and efficiently as possible.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Safety Note: Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid that is harmful to the skin and especially to your eyes. Wear your safety glasses or goggles during the entire procedure. The reaction also produces flammable hydrogen gas (H₂), so Bunsen burners should not be used while the reaction is in progress. Also see the procedural notes on the next page. 1) Weigh a clean, dry 150 ml. beaker... 2) Carefully add copper(II) chloride dihydrate, CuCl₂ + 2 H₂O, until about 6.00 g have been added. 3) Measure 10 ml. of deionized water in a small graduated cylinder and add the water to the beaker to dissolve the copper(II) chloride dihydrate with the aid of a glass stirring rod. Record the color of the solution on the report sheet. 4) Add about 2.0 drops of 6 M HCI to the solution, and mix well. 5) Weigh about 0.60 g of dry aluminum foil in small pieces and record the weight on the report sheet. 6) Add the pieces of Al foil a little at a time. Use the stirring rod to mix the solution during the reaction. (CAUTION: Exothermic reaction!) Note the color of the solution after the added piece of aluminum no longer darkens on its surface. Add the remaining few pieces of aluminum foil, and add an additional 5 drops of 6 M HCl to facilitate the reaction of any excess aluminum with the hydrochloric acid. 7) After all of the aluminum foil has reacted, allow the solid particles of copper product to settle, and carefully decant the solution from the solid (leaving the copper behind in the beaker). Add 20 mL of deionized water to the solid, stir well with the stirring rod, and decant again. Repeat this washing with 20 mL of water once more. 8) Filter the Cu formed using a filter paper. Note down the mass of the dry filter paper before you begin filtering. Dry the sample overnight and weigh the dried product plus filter paper. 9) On the report sheet, record the moles of Al and CuCl 2 H₂O used, and determine which is the limiting reactant. Based on the limiting reactant, calculate the theoretical yield of copper metal product. From your actual yield of copper, calculate the percent yield of copper product obtained from the reaction. 10) Place your copper metal in the collection container on the front desk (do not wash it down the ink!), rinse your glassware well, and return it and your other equipment to their proper storage locations.
PROCEDURAL NOTES Step 2. A hydrate is a solid compound that contains "trapped" water molecules in the solid. In copper(II) chloride dihydrate, one mole of the solid CuCl₂ has 2 moles of water molecules trapped in it. The water molecules are included in the molar mass of CuCl₂ 2 H₂O. which is 170.49 g/mol. Step 4. Chloride ion facilitates the reaction of Al with CuCl₂ 2 H₂O. A convenient source of chloride ion is from hydrochloric acid, and in addition, the hydrochloric acid will react with any excess aluminum, allowing it to be separated from the solid copper product. The relevant reactions are. a) The reaction of aluminum with copper(II) chloride in aqueous solution. This reaction ordinarily occurs rather slowly, but when chloride ion is present, the reaction rate increases dramatically. 2Al(s) + 3 CuCl₂ (aq) 3 Cu (s) + 2AICI, (aq) b) The competing reaction of aluminum with hydrochloric acid. This reaction still occurs more slowly than the above chloride-aided reaction with the reactant concentrations that are used. This reaction thus has a minimal effect on the percent yield, so the maximum amount of copper should be able to form if excess aluminum is used. 2 Al(s) + 6 HCl(aq) - 3 H₂(g) + 2 AICI, (aq) Both of these reactions are single replacement reactions. Al is a more active element than Cu in the first reaction, and in the second reaction. Al is more active than the element H₂ (recall the activity series: Li>K> Ba> Sr>Ca> Na> Mg> Al> Mn>Zn> Fe>Cd> Co> Ni> Sn> Pb>H₂>Cu> Ag>Hg > Au). On the other hand, as seen from the series, the element Cu is less active than H₂, so the copper metal product will not react with the hydrochloric acid that is present: Cu (s) + 2 HCl(aq) X• Hạ(g) + CuCl (34) Step 8. Heating the copper particles at too high of a temperature in air results in an undesirable darkening and a gain in weight, apparently due to the formation of black cupric oxide, CuO. During heating, the dry particles of copper should remain loose when stirred and should not darken in color.
REPORT-Determination of Reaction Yield Mass of CuCl₂ + 2 H₂O Mass of Al foil used Mass of empty filter paper Mass of filter paper plus copper 5. Mass of copper metal product [4]-[3] 6. Moles of Al used (show your calculation) 1. 2. 3. 4. 7. Moles of CuCl₂ + 2 H₂O used (show your calculation) 8. Moles of copper product based on moles of Al (show your calculation) 9. Moles of copper product based on moles of CuCl₂ + 2 H₂O(show your calculation) 10. Limiting reactant Name 11. Grams of Cu product based on the limiting reactant (theoretical yield)(show your calculation) 12. Percent yield of Cu (2 to 3 significant figures) (show your calculation) 6.35 0.60 1.49 mols mols mols mols %
Pre-Laboratory Questions and Exercises Answer in the space provided. 1. What safety precautions are cited in this experiment? 2. What it the purpose of adding hydrochloric acid to the reaction mixture? 3. A student combusted 0.500 g of purified aluminum powder with excess oxygen in an oxygen atmosphere according to the reaction. 4 Al(s) + 30; (g) a) What is the limiting reactant? b) How many moles of Al were used? e) How many moles of Al-O, would form, based on the moles of the limiting reactant? d) How many moles of O, are required to react completely with the aluminum? e) How many grams of O, are required to react completely with the aluminum? Name f) What is the theoretical yield of Al-O, in grams? → 2 Al:O) (s) g) If the student collected 0.918 grams of Al-O, product. what was the percent yield of Al-O, obtained? mol of Al mol of Al-0, mol of 0: g of 0₂ g of Al;O,
Post-Laboratory Questions and Exercises Due after completing the lab. Answer in the space provided. Name 1. Describe the appearance of the copper(II) chloride solution and the aluminum foil before the reaction starts. (from video) 2. Describe the appearance of the solution and any solids after the reaction. (from video) 3. Heating the copper product at too high a temperature in an oxygen atmosphere results in the formation od copper (II) oxide. Write down the balanced chemical reaction. 4. If the copper is not completely dried, how would this change the yield of copper metal? 5. What are some reasons for obtaining a percent yield of less than 100 percent? te: This lab handout has been adanted fro GURACIE