n 1-3: Performing a Distillation Distillation is a separation technique utilized by organic chemists. A distillation app
Posted: Sat Jul 09, 2022 1:41 pm
- N 1 3 Performing A Distillation Distillation Is A Separation Technique Utilized By Organic Chemists A Distillation App 1 (63.4 KiB) Viewed 45 times
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Collection Flask In a standard distillation apparatus, the mixture of liquid compounds is held within a round bottom flask known as the distillation flask. A thermometer is used to measure the temperature of the liquid in the distillation flask, and the entrance point for the thermometer is sealed. The distillation flask is also connected to a condenser at a joint. The remaining open end of the condenser is connected to a second flask called the collection flask. Heat is applied to the distillation flask and the temperature is monitored via the thermometer. As the boiling point of one of the compounds is reached, the compound is vaporized and travels into the condenser. Cold water is run through the condenser, which causes the vapors to cool and condense on the inside of Suggeste
the condenser. The condensed vapors drip out of the condenser and into the collection flask. The collected liquid, called the distillate, is now separated from the other compounds in the distillation flask. Note that this is a sealed system and an inert gas must also be attached to provide pressure relief and an inert environment for the distillate. In this assignment, you will be guided through the steps of a Friedel-Crafts reaction as a demonstration of how to use a distillation apparatus as a tool to separate products: This assignment will also serve as a tutorial to teach you how to utilize the various parts of the organic simulation that will be used in later assignments. 1. To start this activity, click this link for Performing a Distillation. The lab will load in a new tab. Click back to this tab to read further instructions and complete the questions below. You will see a lab bench containing reagents on the back of the bench, aqueous reagents on the right, an equipment rack containing necessary laboratory equipment, a red disposal bucket for cleaning up the lab, and the organic stockroom in the back. Other pieces of laboratory equipment will be used in other assignments. Accessibility: Investigate Focus AA
2D 3D 4 THE S 2. You will find a round bottom flask located on the stockroom counter. Select the starting materials for the reaction by first clicking on the label for methylbenzene (toluene) in the Friedel-Crafts menu of the Stockroom tab in the tray. Now do the same for the other reactant-acetyl chloride- and for the solvent-ether (Et₂O) from the Solvents menu at the top of the Stockroom tab. Now double click on the flask and it will move to the stir plate on the lab bench. 3. The starting materials are listed in the Live Data menu, and when you hover your mouse over a listed starting material its structure will appear on the chalkboard. 4. In order to perform the reaction, aluminum chloride (AIC13) must be added. This is done by double clicking on the AlCl3 bottle on the back of the lab.
bench. The Live Data display will show that the reagent has been added to the reaction mixture. 5. This reaction will occur at room temperature. Before starting the reaction, double click on the Condenser from the equipment rack and it will move to the top of the round bottom flask. Then double click on the N2 Gas hose to the right of the stir plate and it will be hooked up on top of the condenser. Now click on the dials on the front of the Stir Plate button to start the reaction. You should see the reaction mixture stirring in the round bottom flask. 6. Allow the reaction to proceed until the products begin to form, but do not let it go to completion. A reaction time of 3 minutes is sufficient. The reaction will proceed in real time. However, time can be sped up in the virtual lab. The three blue buttons beneath the LED clock display can advance the time in 1 min, 10 min, and 1 hr intervals. As this reaction occurs fairly quickly, only advance the time in I min intervals (if at all). The Flask Contents lists in Live Data updates as the reaction proceeds, displaying the names of all compounds in the flask. You will need to use the scroll bar on the side of the Flask Contents list to see when the products start to be formed. Accessibility: Investigate
7. After 3 minutes, the reaction mixture will contain both products and starting materials. Perform a separatory funnel extraction (see the activity Performing a Separatory Funnel Extraction). Add H₂O by double clicking on the large white H₂O bottle on the front of the lab bench. Remember that the addition of any aqueous solvent also adds diethyl ether, although this is not shown. The separatory funnel should have two distinct layers of liquid. Remove and keep the organic layer, which contains your products. Do this by clicking on and dragging the organic layer to the cork ring, where it will be placed in a new round bottom flask. Notice that the organic layer contains the products and what remains of one of the starting materials. You can monitor what is in each layer by hovering your mouse over the layer in question and the contents are displayed in Live Data. What is the product (species formed from mixing the starting materials/reactants) that is in the organic layer?
What is the starting material/reactant that is in the organic layer? 8. The aqueous layer in the separatory funnel can be discarded by dragging the funnel to the red bin at the front of the bench. Put the round bottom flask with the organic layer onto the stir plate by double clicking on it. Bring the Distillation apparatus over from the equipment rack by double clicking on it. 9. Attach the N₂ Gas hose to the distillation apparatus to prevent pressure buildup. The distillation is started by clicking on the dials on the front of the Stir Plate. The apparatus takes 5-10 minutes to reach the boiling point of the compound with the lowest boiling point. You can monitor the temperature by hovering over the thermometer. You can also hover over the collection flask, which will be filled with distilled compounds as you carry out the distillation and you'll see the list of what is in the Collection Flask in Live Data. 10. The lowest boiling point of one of the three compounds is around 110 °C. As the distillation apparatus reaches this temperature, slowly advance the time until liquid begins to collect in the collection flask.
Which of the compounds has this lower boiling point and therefore begins to distill first (we will refer to this compound as Compound 1)? 11. By hovering over the distillation flask, you will notice that some of Compound 1 remains mixed with the other compounds (listed in the Flask Contents menu in Live Data). Continue to advance the time until all of Compound 1 is in the collection flask and none remains in the distillation flask. Click and drag the collection flask with Compound 1 to the red bin for disposal. A new, empty collection flask will then appear on the distillation apparatus. 12. Continue the distillation (advancing time as necessary) until another compound begins to collect in the collection flask. Hover your cursor over the thermometer to read the temperature at which this compound boils.
What is the compound remaining in the distillation flask (Compound 2) and what is the boiling point? 13. Advance the time until all of Compound 2 is in the collection flask. The final compound (Compound 3) will remain in the distillation flask and therefore has the highest boiling point of the three molecules. What is compound 3? 14. Write the molecular formula for compounds 1, 2 and 3 15.Intermolecular forces define the boiling points of compounds. Accessibility: Investigate Focus
15. Intermolecular forces define the boiling points of compounds. What type of intermolecular forces exist for Compounds 1, 2 and 3? Based on what you now know about the boiling points of Compounds 1, 2 and 3, in which are intermolecular forces stronger? Why?