Answer Happy

DNA/ PROTEIN SYNTHESIS LAB Goals of this lab: The goal of the lab is to understand the components of DNA, mRNA, and tRNA and study their role during protein synthesis. You will simulate DNA duplication, transcription, and translation during protein synthesis. You will also look at the effects of mutations on protein synthesis. Introduction: Look at the structure of a DNA molecule in your book, then read the following and answer the blanks in the paragraphs: DNA is composed of thousands of nucleotides, each of them made of a phosphate group, sugar and a base. The sugar in the DNA molecule is deoxyribose. The four bases in the DNA molecule are adenine (symbolized by and A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). The DNA molecule resembles a twisted ladder with the phosphate group and sugars located where (on the structure of the molecule)? and There the steps of the ladder made up of what? are what we call complementary base pairing rules in which adenine ALWAYS pairs with Thymine and cytosine ALWAYS pairs with guanine. DNA codes for making proteins. It is in the sequence of the bases which "code" for the production of proteins. Proteins are very important molecules which are needed to assist in repairing and maintaining cells, as well as producing the cell's defense, hormones or enzymes. Proteins are made up of subunits known as Protein synthesis begins with information on a segment of DNA being "transcribed" or converted into messenger RNA (mRNA), RNA is a nucleic acid which differs from DNA in 3 primary ways- They are? 1. RNA has how many strands? 2. RNA has which sugar? 3. RNA has 4 bases just like DNA except for one base called? So DNA makes mRNA in the nucleus and therefore passes the "code" to mRNA which the leaves the nucleus and moves into the cytoplasm of the cell where it reaches the ribosome, the site of protein synthesis. At the ribosome (which is composed of ribosomal RNA), the genetic code can be "translated into the proper sequence of amino acids making up a specific protein. The following symbolizes the processes: DNA transcribed to mRNA translated to a PROTEIN
TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION Construct the complementary strand of mRNA using the DNA given as the template. Bracket the codons, then use the mRNA codem chart to figure out amino acid sequence. Normal Unzipped DNA strand A AATT T A mRNA strand anti-codon on tRNA amino acid
MUTATION-BASE SUBSTITUTION Change the 14, base of the DNA to guanine "0". Construct a new, mutated mRNA and protein Normal Unzipped DNA strand T mRNA strand anti-codon amino acid on tRNA What effect does this have one the mRNA compared to the first strand? On your pre structure?
2.25 MUTATION-BASE ADDITION Add a "C" just before the 14 base of the DNA. Then fill out the chart Normal Unzipped mRNA DNA strandstrand anti-codon on NA What effect does this have on the DNA? What effect does this have on the mRNA? The protein structure? Which type of mutation resulted in more change overall? (substitution or addition)? Why?