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Term bank (choose from these terms to fill in the blanks below): Morbidity rate, Mortality rate, Prevalence, Incidence, Sporadic, Endemic, Epidemic, Pandemic, Emerging disease, Etiologic agent, Observational studies, Experimental studies, Common source spread, Propagated spread, Zoonotic disease, Reservoir, Vehicle, Airborne transmission, Communicable, Contagious, Carriers, Contact transmission, Droplet transmission, Vector, Fomite, Nosocomial, Opportunistic pathogens, Quarantine Hepatitis A in Hawaii In July 2016, the Hawaii state Department of Health began investigating an outbreak of Hepatitis A on Oahu. In the month of June, 12 individuals were diagnosed with Hepatitis A. Hepatitis A is considered a disease in the United States, since it is rarely seen in developed countries, though it is or found consistently at low levels in some developing countries. The sudden increase in cases in Hawaii was considered to be an Over the next few months, the of the disease continued to increase. At one point, the was 39 new cases reported within a week. In the end, 292 cases were identified. Food was the suspected in the outbreak, since Hepatitis A is often transmitted through contaminated food. Because the virus is highly and easily spread from person to person, officials were particularly concerned with identifying workers who handled food, hoping to prevent spread of the virus. Fortunately, there were only a few cases of individuals passing the virus to close family members. Instead, this outbreak appears to be the result of a spread. were conducted to try to isolate the source of the pathogen, but were complicated by the fact that the virus has a long incubation period (up to 50 days), so affected individuals had difficulty remembering what they had eaten. The source was finally identified as scallops from a particular supplier that had been served raw.
Term bank (choose from these terms to fill in the blanks below): Morbidity rate, Mortality rate, Prevalence, Incidence, Sporadic, Endemic, Epidemic, Pandemic, Emerging disease, Etiologic agent, Observational studies, Experimental studies, Common source spread, Propagated spread, Zoonotic disease, Reservoir, Vehicle, Airborne transmission, Communicable, Contagious, Carriers, Contact transmission, Droplet transmission, Vector, Fomite, Nosocomial, Opportunistic pathogens, Quarantine Zika Zika virus was first discovered in Uganda in 1947. However, its visibility and prevalence have greatly increased over the last several years, qualifying it as an . The virus began to spread from Africa through Asia during the twentieth century. The first documented outbreak occurred in the Federated States of Micronesia in 2007. There was a very high during the outbreak, with an estimated 70% of the population of Yap infected by the disease. Further outbreaks occurred in Pacific island nations and Brazil. Mosquitos act as a of the virus, transmitting the virus through biting an infected individual then introducing it to an uninfected individual. However there is some evidence that the virus may also be in rare cases, spread directly from person to person through sexual contact. In many people, Zika virus causes only a mild illness. Some people may even have no symptoms, but may still be of the disease, capable of passing it on to others. In late 2015, Brazilian doctors noticed a dramatic increase in the number of babies born with microcephaly, an abnormally small head size due to lack of normal brain development. However, they did not know the or what pathogen might be causing this disease. Eventually, a strong correlation between the presence of the virus and microcephaly in fetuses and newborns was established. Zika has also been linked to Guillain-Barré syndrome, an autoimmune disorder affecting the nervous system, in adults. The efforts to contain and control the spread of the Zika virus are ongoing. 2