Experiment 2 Seedless Vascular Plants (Fern Allies and Ferns) Introduction The most prevalent and noticeable group of la
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(not too long and not too short)
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(that is all i got from the experiment. there is no more info)
Experiment 2 Seedless Vascular Plants (Fern Allies and Ferns) Introduction The most prevalent and noticeable group of land plants are the vascular plants, or tracheophytes. More than 90% of the plant life on Earth is made up of more than 260,000 different species of tracheophytes. Their success and capacity to spread to all habitats are the result of several evolutionary innovations. (Seedless Vascular Plants - Biology, n.d.) Horsetails, club mosses, and whisk ferns make up the three more categories (division Sphenophyta). These seedless vascular plants have traits in common with bryophytes, such as pigment kinds, a fundamental life cycle, and the storage of starch as their main food store. True leaves formed, internal conducting tissues (xylem and phloem) developed, and roots that absorbed nutrients and water as well as anchored the plant all occurred in the early phases of the evolution of vascular plants. These newly evolved divisions were able to infiltrate and take control of drier habitats on land thanks to these vascular tissue modifications, especially in tropical environments. Additionally. gametophytes shrank and grew more reliant on the sporophyte that shielded them. The most widespread seedless vascular plant, ferns have several reproductive and vegetative characteristics in common with bryophytes. The sporophyte controls the fern's life cycle. By meiosis, this diploid sporophyte creates haploid spores. Each spore develops into a separate gametophyte that undergoes mitosis to produce gametes. Archegonia produces eggs, while antheridia produces sperm. (Ferns and Other Seedless Vascular Plants | Seedless Plants, n.d.) The sexual cycle is completed by fertilization, which causes the zygote to develop into a new sporophyte. The majority of the sporophyte is made up of fern leaves (called fronds) and their underground stems, or rhizomes. The back of the frond develops sori, which are collections of sporangia, during sexual reproduction. Meoisis takes place in these sporangia, and the haploid spores that result are shed to create gametophytes, each of which is a discrete, heart-shaped prothallus.
Materials Living or preserved - spike mosses (Selaginella sp.) ferns (Dryopteris sp.) Prepared slide of fern allies Prepared slide of true ferns Procedure The spike mosses (Selaginella sp.): 1. The spike moss morphology (Division Lycophyta) was examined. The strobilus of Selaginella sp was found. 2. Compound microscope Dissecting microscope Slide and coverslip Distilled water 3. The longitudinal section of strobilus was examined. The sporophyll and sporangium with spores were identified. A stem of Selaginella cross section was made. The anatomy of stem: epidermis, cortex, vascular bundle, phloem and xylem were examined.
The true ferns (Dryopteris sp.) (Figure 4.3): 1. A living or preserved ferns (Dryopteris sp.) was obtained. The roots, stems (rhizomes). and leaves (fronds) were identified. A stem of Dryopteris sp. cross section was made. The anatomy of stem: epidermis, cortex, vascular bundle, phloem and xylem were examined. The undersurface of the frond to show a cluster of sporangia called sori was examined. A cross section of sorus was made and the epidermis, mesophyll of frond, sporangia, spores, annulus, and indisium were identified. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Germinating spore will form prothallus, fern gametophyte which is a reproductive organ. Antheridium is sperm-producing organ and archegonium is egg-producing organ. Longitudinal section of fern archegonium was examined and the archegonium, neck, neck canal, ventral canal cell, egg cell, and gametophyte were identified. Young fern sporophyte emerges from the archegonium. Young sporophyte leaf (2n), gametophyte (n) and primary root (2n) were looked.
Observation spike mosses (Selaginella sp.) ferns (Dryopteris sp.) Result selaginella stem cross section, 10x rhizoids archegonium antheridia
Prepared slide of fern allies microspore microsporangium ligule microsporophyll