Children with low activity levels and somewhat negative attitudes are characterized as: __________________ Temperament s

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Children with low activity levels and somewhat negativeattitudes are characterized as:
__________________ Temperament styles
a. easy children.
b. difficult children.
c. slow-to-warm-up children.
d. slow children.
53. In regard to the physiological basis of temperament,Jerome Kagan argues that children inherit a physiology thatpredisposes them to develop a particular type of temperament. Healso believes that:
a. the environment does not play a role in shapingtemperament.
b. through experience children learn to modify theirtemperament.
c. temperament does not take its final shape until the child hasinteracted with caregivers.
d. previous theories are incorrect.
54. Sena is an independent and adventurous child who likesto explore new places in her environment. However, her mother isoverly controlling and rigid. Developmental psychologists would saythat a discussion of this discrepancy concerns:
a. goodness of fit.
b. nonreciprocal interactions.
c. social dysfunction.
d. insecure attachment.
55. Janine impatiently grabs the door handle from hertoddler daughter, quickly opens the door, and hurries the littlegirl through. Erik Erikson would say that Janine’s daughter:
a. has already developed a sense of shame and doubt due to hermother’s behavior in this instance.
b. will develop a healthy sense of autonomy by resistinginteractions like this.
c. will not develop shame and doubt if this type of interactionoccurs consistently.
d. will develop a sense of shame and doubt if this type ofinteraction occurs consistently
56. Describe and give an example of thethree main types of insecurely attachedinfants. 3 points
57. When parents select and attend to certain behaviors,initially demonstrating them for their child, then graduallyturning over more of the responsibility for the behavior to thechild, the parents are engaging in:
a. attachment.
b. scaffolding.
c. indirect interactions.
d. reciprocal socialization.
58. Fathers are more physical with their children and are notnurturing caregivers.
A. True, B. False
59. Which of the following statements about child-care andsocioeconomic status is TRUE?
a. High-quality child care is available only to those childrenwhose parents are wealthy.
b. Children are more likely to experience poor quality childcare if their parents have few resources.
c. Children who have to be in day care for longer than 40 hourseach week are going to have psychological issues such as depressionregardless of the quality of the care.
d. There is not enough research on child care and socioeconomicstatus to be able to make any correlations.
60. What have been found to be the two most importantcontributors to height differences among children worldwide?
a. nutrition and exercise
b. ethnic origin and social class
c. prenatal care and emotional difficulties
d. ethnic origin and nutrition
61. Myelination is important in development because:
a. most of the growth of the brain is due to myelination.
b. new nerve cells cannot form until the older ones aremyelinated.
c. the pituitary does not function until the brain is almostcompletely myelinated.
d. children cannot perform certain functions if the area of thebrain controlling those functions is not myelinated.
62. Three-year-olds scribble all over the page, but 4-year-oldscan make more precise drawings that adults can understand. This isbecause 4-year-olds have more highly developed:
a. artistic ability.
b. fine motor skills.
c. gross motor skills.
d. sense of what others appreciate.
63. The WIC program is designed to:
a. provide free health care to children under the age of 5.
b. provide low-cost dental care to children under the age of10.
c. provide supplemental nutrition for women, infants, andchildren.
d. All of these.
64. Many deaths of young children around the world could beprevented by
Providing oral rehydration therapy
A. True, B. False
65. An operation is a reversible mental action that allowschildren to do mentally what before they could only do physically.A. true, B. False
66. Egocentrism is the inability to distinguish between one’sown perspective and someone else’s perspective. A. True, B.False
67. Animism is the belief that inanimate objects have lifelikequalities and are not capable of action. A. True, B. False
68. Centration is the focusing, or centering, of attention onseveral characteristics to the exclusion of all others. A. True, B.False
69. The zone of proximal development (ZPD), developed by LevVygotky, consists of tasks that are too difficult for children tomaster alone but can be learned with the guidance and assistance ofadults or more skilled children. The lower limit comprises tasksthat a child can accomplish independently, and the upper limitcomprises tasks that a child can accomplish with assistance.
A. True, B. False
70. According to Vygotsky, scaffolding is the changing level ofsupport that a skilled person adjusts to fit the child’s currentperformance. A. True, B. False
71. According to the information processing theorists, oncechildren reach the age of 6 they no longer use assimilation and/oraccommodation. A. True, B. False
72. As one moves through middle and late childhood, cognitiveequilibrium and cognitive disequilibrium disappear. A. True,B. False
73. The three areas of change in theory of mind that take placebetween the ages of 18 months and 3 years of age are perceptions,emotions, and scaffolding. A. True, B. False
74. Children with autism have difficulty understanding thebeliefs and emotions of others. It is important to note that autismcan be on a spectrum from higher functioning to severelyimpaired.
A. True, B. False
75. In the Montessori approach, children are allowedconsiderable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities. Theyare allowed to move from one activity to another as they desire.The teacher acts as a facilitator rather than a director oflearning and the Child-centered kindergarten education involves thewhole child and includes concern for the child’s physical,cognitive, and social development. A. True, B. False
76. In your opinion and based on what you viewed, how did ClintSmith negotiate Erikson’s industry versus inferiority stage ofpsychosocial development? Use examples form the video toexplain your answer. 2 points
77. Edie is 4 years old and according to research, iscognitively working on a better understanding others. Which of thefollowing is the most important to work on?
a. that people don’t always tell the truth
b. that other people have emotions and desires
c. that the decision to trust people is made on the basis ofmore than one factor
d. All of these are equally important.