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INTRODUCTION Maps are useful devises to show spatial relationships between one feature and another. Today there are many different kinds of maps used for many differ- ent purposes but for this exercise we are going to concentrate on topographic maps-maps that show the shape of the land. In addition to showing hills, valleys, rivers, mountains, etc., most topographic maps also show cultural features such as roads, towns, political boundaries, etc. Topographic maps show a plan view of Earth's surface (the view looking vertically down on Earth as from an airplane). Topographic maps include a coordinate system to determine direction and to locate geographic fea- tures and also include a variety of scales to measure horizontal distances. Lastly, topographic maps use contour lines to show changes in elevation. In this exercise you are going to work with each of these map elements. There are myriad reasons you may find yourself using a topographic map. Topographic maps show the physiographic characteristics of the land (mountains, valleys, etc.) and the location of trails, water, shelter, and so on. so provide essential sur- vival information to backpackers. If you are buying property, a topographic map will provide you with information of the lay of the land so you can deter- mine how much material you may have to add or remove from an area to level out the property so you can build a house. You can also get an idea as to where water will collect by noting the slope of the land and the low lying areas. If you need to drill a water well you can use a topographic map to deter- mine how deep it is to the water table by realizing that the surface of rivers and lakes are at the water table so you can just subtract the elevation of the closest body of water from the elevation of where you plan to drill your well to get an approximation of the depth to the water table beneath your prop- erty. GPS units provide locational information using the same system as displayed on topographic maps. Understanding what this information means will allow you to determine when you are getting accurate information and when you are not. GENERAL MAP ELEMENTS All topographic maps have a title (usually the name of the largest town or most prominent geographic feature in the area) located in the upper right and lower right corners of the map, reference to a loca- tion grid and cardinal points (north, east, etc.), a scale, and a date showing when the map was made. If the map has been updated using aerial photographs, the map will also have a photorevised date usually printed in purple ink just below the original date of publication. The location of each of these items is shown in figure 1.1. The direction to the geographic north pole of Earth is indicated by a line with a star on the top or the let- ter "N". The direction to the magnetic north pole is indicated by a line with MN at the top. Geographic north and magnetic north do not coincide so the dif- ference between the two, called magnetic declina- tion, is also given. In figure 1.2 from the Hoyt Peak quadrangle, Utah magnetic north is 16° east of true (geographic) north. Topographic maps often use rectangular coordinate grids. Whereas meridians converge as you approach the North (or South) Pole, rectangular coordinates do not. Therefore there is a discrepancy between rectangular coordi- nate north (called grid north and labeled GN) and true north. In figure 1.2 grid north is 0° 07' west of geographic north. Information on the three "norths" is shown on a declination diagram along the base of the map.
Please make sure to read the Introduction to Topographic Maps chapter on your Lab Manual. Answer the questions present in the PreLab activity present in the Introduction to Topographic Maps chapter on your Lab Manual. Each of the questions is worth 1.6 points. Q1- Two corners with name of quadrangle: Q2- Reference for longitude: Q3- Michigan's longitude: Q4- Reference for latitude: Q5- Michigan's latitude: Q6- Meaning of symbol: (We are skipping Q6 from the lab manual)