Very Basics of the System 1. What is the general function of the circulatory system? 2. How is this function able to be

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Very Basics of the System 1. What is the general function of the circulatory system? 2. How is this function able to be carried out? 3. The circulatory system is really comprised of 2 separate systems. Briefly describe these. And, even though these are separate systems, how are they connected? The Heart 1. Where does the heart live? 2. Describe the 3 layers of the heart wall. What sac surrounds these and what is its purpose? 3. The different chambers and sides of the heart are separated by structures. What separates the atria? The ventricles? The 2 sides? 4. Compare the size and relative thickness of the atria and ventricles. 5. What are the 4 valves and their locations? 6. What are considered the "Great Vessels" and what are their basic roles? Blood Flow and the Cardiac Cycle 1. What does the term diastole mean? Systole? 2. "Be able to trace the general movement of blood through the body - chambers of the heart, valves, lungs, systemic circulation." 3. Each complete cardiac cycle represents 1 heartbeat. Briefly describe what is happening in each of the following: atrial systole; beginning of ventricular systole; period of rising pressure/ejection; beginning of ventricular diastole; period of falling pressure.
The Heart's Own Blood Supply - The Coronary Vessels 1. What are the 2 main coronary arteries? The 2 branches of the L? What does each supply? The Conduction System 1. Outline the path of the conduction system, beginning with the SA node and ending with the Purkinje fibers. 2. Where exactly do the SA and AV nodes live? 3. The SA node is the usual pacemaker of the heart. How many action potentials does it produce per minute? How is this different than the rate in the structures further along the activation pathway? What is the relevance of this? 4. Cardiac action potential - We are not going back into much detail regarding resting membrane potential, depolarization/repolarization/hyperpolarization, etc...- you got this from other courses. However, define the concepts of automaticity and rhythmicity. Cardiac Innervation 1. The autonomic nervous system affects the rate of generation of action potentials, depolarization/repolarization, strength of contraction, and the diameter of coronary vessels. Differentiate between the effect of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.
Cardiac Innervation 1. The autonomic nervous system affects the rate of generation of action potentials, depolarization/repolarization, strength of contraction, and the diameter of coronary vessels. Differentiate between the effect of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. Myocardial Cells (We only need to focus on a few differences!) 1. Why are myocardial cells able to maintain high levels of energy synthesis? 2. What is the significance of the myocardial cells possessing more T tubules? Cardiac Performance 1. Stroke volume and cardiac output is affected by 3 primary variables. First, what is stroke volume? Then, describe these variables that affect it. Determinants of Heart Rate 1. Although HR is paced by the SA node, describe the role of the following in HR regulation: neural reflexes; control center; hormones; BP. 2. How does HR change in response to BP? PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: 1. What is "normal" BP? 2. What is considered prehypertension? t 3. Venous pathophysiology: varicosities, chronic venous insufficiency 4. How can arterial blockages be treated? 5. What are the major coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors? 6. What are the modifiable risk factors? 7. How do smoking, obesity, and diabetes promote CAD?
1. What is "normal" BP? 2. What is considered prehypertension? 3. Venous pathophysiology: varicosities, chronic venous insufficiency 4. How can arterial blockages be treated? 5. What are the major coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors? 6. What are the modifiable risk factors? 7. How do smoking, obesity, and diabetes promote CAD? 8. Know the different forms of angina: stable, unstable 9. Stages of atherosclerosis, treatment, signs and symptoms, risks 10. What is the difference between left heart failure (CHF) and right heart failure? What are the signs and symptoms of each? a. Also, forward failure and backward failure for R and L side.