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i need to know which procedure is more accurate and why? You should also offer suitable recommendations for improvements that could be made to improve the experiment. This could be using different apparatus / techniques which will improve the quality and accuracy of the experiment and results obtained. Suggestions for improvement should include comments .
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Boyle's law : method 1 - syringe & retort stand Materials and equipment • Stand and clamp •10 ml syringe with 0.5ml divisions .5cm length of thin-walled rubber or silicone tubing to fit nozzle of syringe • Pinch clip • 2kg mass • Loop of string .9 x 100g masses on a 100g mass holder • Micrometer Diagram stand rubber tubing clamped with a pinch clip H syringe (10 ml) clamp loop of string 100 g masses on 100 g mass holder counterweight (2 kg) Method 1. Remove the plunger from the syringe and measure the diameter of the rubber seal, d, using the micrometer. Convert this into metres, 2. Calculate the cross-sectional area of the seal A = Ttd2/4 in m2. 3. Replace the plunger and draw in 4.0ml of air. 4. Fit the rubber tubing over the nozzle, fold the tubing over and clamp it with the pinch clip as close to the nozzle as possible,
clamp loop of string 100 g masses on 100 g mass holder counterweight (2 kg) Method 1. Remove the plunger from the syringe and measure the diameter of the rubber seal, d, using the micrometer. Convert this into metres. 2. Calculate the cross-sectional area of the seal A = Ttd2/4 in m2. 3. Replace the plunger and draw in 4.0ml of air. 4. Fit the rubber tubing over the nozzle, fold the tubing over and clamp it with the pinch clip as close to the nozzle as possible. A2 Physics Practical : Boyle's Law and Charles's Law: sheet 2 Page 3 5. Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram initially with the 100g mass holder carrying one 100g mass. Ensure that the string is securely attached to the plunger handle. The clamp should be above the plunger so that the scale can be read. Clamping the syringe barrel can distort it, making it more difficult for the plunger to move freely. Consequently, ensure the clamp is high enough on the barrel above the position where the plunger moves. There should be sufficient room below the masses so that the plunger can move down as masses are added. 6. Gently move the plunger up and down a few millimetres to ensure it is not sticking. 7. Read the new volume on the syringe scale (fractions of a division should be estimated). 8. Repeat the procedure with an extra two 100g masses added to the holder each time, up to a total mass of 1000g. 9. The whole experiment should then be repeated to obtain a second set of results, and the mean volumes found. 10. The force exerted by the masses can be calculated using F = mg where m is the mass in kg and g, the gravitational field strength, is 9.81Nkg-1. 11. The pressure exerted by this force on the air sample is then F/A in Pascals (Pa). Convert this into kPa. 12. This should be subtracted from standard atmospheric pressure, 101kPa, to obtain the pressure of the air sample, P. (Note: the initial volume of the air with no masses hung on the loop will be at standard atmospheric pressure) 13. A graph of 1/Vagainst P should then be plotted (where Vis the mean volume of the air sample for each value of P). 14. Provided care has been taken to ensure the plunger does not stick, a reasonable straight line through the origin should be obtained. (Any slight sticking could result in a graph which curves slightly and/or does not pass through the origin.)
Boyle's law : method 2 - Boyle's Law apparatus Materials and equipment • Boyle's law apparatus - manometer tube, oil reservoir, Bourdon gauge and valve • foot pump • Vernier calipers Diagram Method 1. Set up apparatus as shown in the diagram. 2. Connect air pump to the inlet valve of the oil reservoir. 3. Note the manometer reading for the gas column length at atmospheric pressure. 4. Measure the internal diameter of the manometer tube using Vernier calipers for volume calculations.
Method 1. Set up apparatus as shown in the diagram. 2. Connect air pump to the inlet valve of the oil reservoir. 3. Note the manometer reading for the gas column length at atmospheric pressure. 4. Measure the internal diameter of the manometer tube using Vernier calipers for volume calculations. A2 Physics Practical : Boyle's Law and Charles's Law: sheet 2 Page 5 5. Open air tap and pump in air until the manometer reads a gas column length of no less than 10 cm 6. Quickly close inlet valve. 7. Leave the apparatus for a minute. After compressing the air in a short period, the temperature will have risen. This time is required to allow the temperature to fall back to room temperature. 8. Read & record the gas pressure by reading it off the Bourdon gauge. Using pressure as the independent variable: use the initial pressure to determine the approximate pressure interval required to give at least six regularly spaced data points on the graph (see below). This will give evenly spaced points on the graph. Using the initial volume to determine the approximate volume interval to give six data 9. Read & record the gas column length from the manometer scale. Using volume as the independent variable: use the initial gas column length (above) and unpressurised gas column length (step 3) to find the maximum and minimum values of (1/V). Find the interval of (1/V) required for six regularly spaced data points and determine the approximate values of 1/V and hence V to be used during the experiment. This will give evenly spaced points on the graph. 10. Gently release from air from the reservoir by opening the inlet valve slightly then closing once the pressure has fallen by the interval calculated in Step 7. 11. Leave the apparatus for a minute to come back into thermal equilibrium with the room 12. Read & record the gas pressure by reading it off the Bourdon gauge. 13. Read & record the gas column length from the manometer scale. 14. Repeat steps 9-12 until the pressure of the gas is back to atmospheric pressure. 15. Repeat the above procedure at least one more time to reduce random uncertainties in the values obtained. 16. Calculate mean values of the pressure and/or volume. 17. Plot a graph of pressure (p) against the inverse of volume (1/V).