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Title of Report: The title should be approximately 10 words (or can be less) and should encapsulate the main focus of the lab exercise. It is not an introductory statement - it should not be in the form of a complete sentence or a paragraph! Does not have to be a separate page. 2)Introduction: You should present the scientific purpose(s) and/or objective(s) of the experiment or exercise being performed. It should also provide the reader with some background information about the subject. In some cases, you may want to provide some background information about the organism(s) being worked with and / or some theory behind the techniques being used. This section provides "context" for the exercise. 3) Materials: You should provide a short list of what you consider to be the most important items used for the exercise. This would include the specific microorganisms used for the experiment, properly written out i.e. genus and species names. Also, if any of the materials are different than those cited in the lab manual, these should be included here. This does not need to be an exact replica of the materials list in the lab manual. Methods: You should describe preferably in your own words what it is that you did in the lab. As above, if the procedure(s) differed from what was cited in the lab manual then you should report those differences here. Again, this should not an exact replica of the procedure in the lab manual. If you report that we did something that we did not perform, it will be noticed and might very well affect your grade for the report. >> Results: You should present the outcomes of your experiments and observations without discussing their meaning or "implications". Results can be presented as descriptions of observations, drawings with labels (a brief description is strongly recommended especially for those of you who do not draw well), tables and/or graphs. Tables and graphs should be properly labeled to understand what is being presented. Photographs alone are NOT acceptable results (this is the case regardless of whether they are your own or from Google.) Conclusion/Discussion: Do NOT represent your

Required LAB REPORT 2- Selected questions from Exercises on Acid-fast stain and spore stain Note: This lab report is turned in after you have viewed the slides for both the acid fast stain and the spore stain. When turning in the lab, make sure you include BOTH parts. It is turned in after the spore stain part is completed. (Note: Our lab manual claims endospore has keratin. It is actually a protein that is keratin-like.) Note: This is turned in after you have viewed your acid fast stain and endospore stain slides. Bacteria for the acid fast exercise are: Mycobacterium smegmatis (or M. phlei) and S. aureus. Bacteria for the spore stain is Bacillus subtilis. Q1. Acid fast bacteria have some significant differences as compared to non-acid fast bacteria. What are the major chemical (structural) differences among these different bacterial groups that might explain why we need to use the acid-fast stain to visualize acid fast bacteria? Hint: This structural difference also affects the way the bacteria grow on media (both broth and media containing agar) and the length of time they take to grow. Q2. (Use the lab manual to answer this) How does heating the bacterial smear during a Ziehl-Neelson stain promote entry of carbol fuchsin into the acid fast cell wall? The Kinyoun procedure is referred to as the "cold" acid fast stain procedure. Explain briefly why. This would include the modifications done in the Kinyoun procedure to allow the primary stain to penetrate the acid fast bacteria.. Q3. Are acid fast negative bacteria stained by carbol fuchsin? If so, explain why the acid fast stain is considered to be a differential stain? Q4. What is the function of a bacterial endospore? Hint: How easy is an endospore to destroy? Use your textbook/lecture notes to help you here. Q5. Why does this exercise call for an older culture of Bacillus? What does a positive result for a endospore stain indicate about the bacterial organism? What does a negative result for the endospore stain indicate about the microorganism? For lab exam: You should have an idea as to why the acid fast stain is not as widely used as the Gram stain. When is it more useful than the Gram stain? You should have an idea at to the number of bacterial genera that are considered to be acid fast. You should have a general idea regarding: the bacterial endospore cycle (its different stages). As a somewhat related question to Q4, is endospore formation a form of bacterial reproduction or is it doing something else for the bacteria? Explain your answer.