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4:08 3. Four elements three bonds: all? D a. Model 3a: Make a model that has four elements bonded with single bonds only by putting one in the middle and surrounding it by the other three. Add the lone pairs so that all elements are following the rule of 8. b. Model 3b: Now make a model that has four elements and one double bond and two single bonds. c. When you have four elements and three bonds, why could you not have two double bonds and only one single bond or even three single bonds when following the rule of 8? 4. Five elements four bonds: a. Model 4a: Make a model that has five elements and four single bonds by putting one element in the middle surrounded by the other four. b. When following the rule of 8, why can you not manipulate this model any further? Based on the models that you created fill out the following table. In the table below VE stands for Valence Electrons.

a. Model 3a: Make a model that has four elements bonded with single bonds only by putting one in the middle and surrounding it by the other three. Add the lone pairs so that all elements are following the rule of 8. b. Model 3b: Now make a model that has four elements and one double bond and two single bonds. c. When you have four elements and three bonds, why could you not have two double bonds and only one single bond or even three single bonds when following the rule of 8? 4. Five elements four bonds: a. Model 4a: Make a model that has five elements and four single bonds by putting one element in the middle surrounded by the other four. b. When following the rule of 8, why can you not manipulate this model any further?

4:14 LTE Failitis of the rule of eigh 1. Two elements 1 bond: The rule of eight is a way to understand why atoms react with other atoms. When your valence shell (the outermost electron shell) has only 6 electrons, you will react with another atom or atoms to reach a stable state where you have eight electrons in your outer valence shell. We are going to practice making all elements in a compound reach an electron state that follows the rule of eight. To do this follow the procedure below. a. Model 1a: Make a small ball of playdough about the size shown below. b. Place one toothpick into the playdough and then attach it to a second playdough ball of the same size. The toothpick represents 1 covalent bond. A covalent bond is equal to 2 electrons. c. Each ball represents an atom that wants to achieve the rule of eight. To reach the rule of eight, you need more electrons present on each ball. To make nonbonding electrons that will be bunched into one pairs,

4:15 ..llLTE c. Each ball represents an atom that wants to achieve the rule of eight. To reach the rule of eight, you need more electrons present on each ball. To make nonbonding electrons that will be bunched into lone pairs, make really small balls about the size shown below. d. Your first model should look like this, with one bond and enough lone pairs on each element to equal 8 electrons, satisfying the rule of eight. Example ">

4:15 ..llLTE e. Model 1b: Now Make a second model but this time with two toothpicks instead of just 1. This is called a double bond. The double bond represents 4 shared electrons shared between the atoms. After forming the double bond distribute your lone pairs so that each element has eight electrons. f. Model 1c: Now make a third model with three toothpicks next to one another. This is called a triple bond. The triple bond represents 6 shared electrons between the two atoms. Now finish the model with lone pairs on the atoms so that they follow the rule of 8. NOTE: Once you make a model, do not take it apart until you have all your models from this first set created. You will need to take a picture of them all together and upload that image to your report sheet. 2. Three elements two bonds: Everytime that we made a bond in the models above, I hope you were able to observe that to make a new bond, you had to remove two valence electrons on each of the atoms that the bond formed between. This pattern will always hold true even in these next examples. a. Model 2a: Now you will make a model with three atoms starting with a single bond between each. Finish <>

4:15 LTE a. Model 2a: Now you will make a model with three atoms starting with a single bond between each. Finish each following the rule of 8, by adding the correct number lone pair electrons to your model. The model should look something like the one below. Example b. Model 2b: Next make a model that has one double bond and one single bond. c. Model 2c: Last make a model that has two double bonds.

4:15 3. Four elements three bonds: ..llLTE a. Model 3a: Make a model that has four elements bonded with single bonds only by putting one in the middle and surrounding it by the other three. Add the lone pairs so that all elements are following the rule of 8. b. Model 3b: Now make a model that has four elements and one double bond and two single bonds. c. When you have four elements and three bonds, why could you not have two double bonds and only one single bond or even three single bonds when following the rule of 8? 4. Five elements four bonds: a. Model 4a: Make a model that has five elements and four single bonds by putting one element in the middle surrounded by the other four. b. When following the rule of 8, why can you not manipulate this model any further? Based on the models that you created fill out the following table. In the table below VE stands for Valence Electrons.

4:15 .llLTE Based on the models that you created fill out the following table. In the table below VE stands for Valence Electrons. Number of triple bonds Number of lone pairs on central element Number of VE on entire molecule Take a picture of your models and insert it in your report sheet online.