Can someone help me to summurized this Entertainment and Fake News Sharing The entertainment gratification is attained w
Posted: Sat Mar 19, 2022 6:02 pm
Can someone help me to summurized this
Entertainment and Fake News Sharing
The entertainment gratification is attained when individuals use
social media to pass time, engage in the act that is entertaining
to them, as well as escape from their everyday lives. It is the
utilisation of social media to amuse oneself as well as ease
emotional tension and anxiety (Lee & Ma, 2012). Relating this
view to sharing, previous study revealed that individuals share on
Facebook for entertainment, relaxation and enjoyment (Baek et al.,
2011). Kim et al. (2015) study established a positive connection
between entertainment and Facebook usage. The same study found that
individuals use Facebook like button to express their view on some
issues. Conversely, prior research found that using social media to
entertain oneself is not associated with news sharing online,
suggesting that people do not gain pleasure from such an act (Lee
et al., 2011). Nevertheless, there is evidence to show that
individuals find it entertaining to disseminate information in the
online community because they wish to exchange information with
others in a social relationship (Anspach & Carlson, 2018). This
supports finding, which shows that social media users disseminate
information to kill time, entertain themselves as well as for fun
(Ha et al., 2013). It has also been revealed that social media
users engage with social media as a hobby, which in turn helps them
find useful information that is subsequently shared with other
online members (Lin & Lu, 2011). Though there are no studies
that have shown entertainment gratifications to be related to fake
news sharing on pandemic or epidemic, we argue that in the light of
the mandatory self-isolation worldwide, it is anticipated that the
tendency for using social media for entertainment will increase,
many people will be online to monitor the situation of the virus as
well as try to be the first to disseminate this information, and
this could lead individuals to post unverified information. Due to
this, we hypothesised that: H2: Entertainment gratification will be
positively related to sharing fake news pertaining to COVID-19
pandemic.
Socialisation and Fake News Sharing
The socialisation gratification, also known as social
interaction gratification encompass the need for connectedness. It
is merely the desire to establish associations and relate with
others (Lee & Ma, 2012). It has been established that social
media which supports participatory communication, is used for
expressing oneself as well as building a relationship (Sihombing,
2017). Therefore, sharing information on social media is done to
develop and maintain a relationship, especially among individuals
with a similar view and interest in the shared content (Park et
al., 2012). Past research found that a sense of belonging and trust
is gained when people relate with each other (Lee & Ma, 2012).
Park et al. (2012) found an association between social interaction
and the use of social media. A positive link has been found between
news sharing and socialisation gratification (Lee et al., 2011).
This indicates that people see sharing of news as a suitable way of
preserving and extending their relationship and networks as it
permits them to discuss and relate with friends through posting,
commenting, chatting, and liking news stories which in turn enhance
the sense of belonging (Lee et al., 2011). With regards to
misinformation sharing, Chang et al. (2017) study revealed that
socialisation gratification positively predicted false information
dissemination. The authors reason that their outcome could be
because using social media for socialising is viewed as a way to
converse. As such, recent research found that individuals tend to
believe the information disseminated by friends and family members
more than strangers (Wasserman & Madrid-Morales, 2019). Chang
et al. (2017) found that persons with higher socialising nature
tend to share more on social media. Consistent with this view,
Karnowski et al. (2018) remarked that individual’s news consumption
is now seen as a socially driven act. We, therefore, argue that
individuals who are moved by the stronger desire for social
interaction are more likely to disclose information as well as
share news, including false news. Moreover, amidst the COVID-19
pandemic, many individuals would highly want to share and
contribute to the news, and this may lead to fake news sharing. We
then propose that: H3: Socialisation gratification will be
positively related to sharing fake news pertaining to COVID-19
pandemic.
Pass Time and Fake News Sharing
Pass time has been established to be a significant predictor of
general social media use (Kircaburun et al., 2018). It is defined
as the use of social media platforms to ease tedium and occupy time
(Kircaburun et al., 2018). The connection between pass time and
misinformation sharing has been established in the literature
(Vicario et al., 2016). This indicates that as people make use of
social media to pass the time, their tendency to properly verify a
message before forwarding is less likely to occur. On the other
hand, Thompson et al. (2019) found no link between pass time and
news sharing. While, Choi (2016) revealed that apart from
socialisation, pass time gratification was the most significant
predictor of news sharing behaviour. We, therefore, contend that as
social media users are engaging in passing time with social media
during this total lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, there
is less tendency to verify information on COVID-19 before sharing
and this may lead to sharing fake news. We then propose that: H4:
Pass time gratification will be positively related to sharing fake
news pertaining to COVID-19 pandemic
Information Seeking and Fake News
Sharing
In this study, information seeking is designated as the level to
which news circulated in social media can offer individuals
essential and up-to-date information. Lampos et al. (2020)
accentuated that as the cases of the COVID-19 increase around the
world, there has been a flurry of misleading or false news stories
emerging, as well. This indicates that a great deal of individual
search for information regarding how to cope with the virus, which
could turn out to be untrue. Information seeking has been linked
with using social media for news dissemination (Ma et al., 2013).
It has been established that individuals wish “to be in the know”
result to the reception and propagation of fake news on social
media (Duffy et al., 2019).Supporting this view, it has been shown
that news content on social media is circulated among users that
demonstrate similar interest (Anspach & Carlson, 2018). Once
such content is shared, people could retrieve them quickly at a
subsequent time and when the need arises. A study has associated
information seeking on social media with fake news sharing (Chen,
2014). This could be due to the million unsupervised messages found
on social media that individuals continuously seek to consume. We,
therefore, contend that as people’s movement is restricted due to
the COVID-19 pandemic, and as the cases of the pandemic keep
increasing individuals would seek for information on social
networking sites without much consideration if the content is
accurate or not as far as it contains some suitable way to combat
the virus. They may as well share such information among their
networks, which could increase the wave of fake news and hoaxes
that has already been reported in recent months (Hou et al., 2020;
Huynh, 2020). We thus proposed that:H5: Information seeking
gratification will be positively related to sharing fake news
pertaining to COVID-19 pandemic.
Information sharing and fake news
Evidence has shown that the usage of social media platforms is
accelerating the circulation of false content online (McGonagle,
2017). One possible reason for this could be because sharing news
on social media has become easier as people can take part in the
creation and dissemination of information (Tandoc et al., 2018).
Information sharing stems from the need to offer information to
others (Thompson et al., 2019). Information-sharing behaviour has
been well documented in prior studies (Anspach & Carlson, 2018;
Chen et al., 2015). Chen et al. (2015) revealed that misinformation
circulation is positively associated with the information
dissemination gratification. The same research revealed that people
circulate false stories for informational reasons than for
entertainment. Drawing from this perspective, we contend that due
to the already millions of information on COVID-19 on social media,
sharing misinformation is likely to take place if individuals do
not verify accordingly. We reasoned that at this time of the
pandemic where everyone desires to be a reporter, the tendency of
verifying messages before sharing is unlikely. Therefore, we
proposed that: H6: Information sharing gratification will be
positively related to sharing fake news pertaining to COVID-19
pandemic
Entertainment and Fake News Sharing
The entertainment gratification is attained when individuals use
social media to pass time, engage in the act that is entertaining
to them, as well as escape from their everyday lives. It is the
utilisation of social media to amuse oneself as well as ease
emotional tension and anxiety (Lee & Ma, 2012). Relating this
view to sharing, previous study revealed that individuals share on
Facebook for entertainment, relaxation and enjoyment (Baek et al.,
2011). Kim et al. (2015) study established a positive connection
between entertainment and Facebook usage. The same study found that
individuals use Facebook like button to express their view on some
issues. Conversely, prior research found that using social media to
entertain oneself is not associated with news sharing online,
suggesting that people do not gain pleasure from such an act (Lee
et al., 2011). Nevertheless, there is evidence to show that
individuals find it entertaining to disseminate information in the
online community because they wish to exchange information with
others in a social relationship (Anspach & Carlson, 2018). This
supports finding, which shows that social media users disseminate
information to kill time, entertain themselves as well as for fun
(Ha et al., 2013). It has also been revealed that social media
users engage with social media as a hobby, which in turn helps them
find useful information that is subsequently shared with other
online members (Lin & Lu, 2011). Though there are no studies
that have shown entertainment gratifications to be related to fake
news sharing on pandemic or epidemic, we argue that in the light of
the mandatory self-isolation worldwide, it is anticipated that the
tendency for using social media for entertainment will increase,
many people will be online to monitor the situation of the virus as
well as try to be the first to disseminate this information, and
this could lead individuals to post unverified information. Due to
this, we hypothesised that: H2: Entertainment gratification will be
positively related to sharing fake news pertaining to COVID-19
pandemic.
Socialisation and Fake News Sharing
The socialisation gratification, also known as social
interaction gratification encompass the need for connectedness. It
is merely the desire to establish associations and relate with
others (Lee & Ma, 2012). It has been established that social
media which supports participatory communication, is used for
expressing oneself as well as building a relationship (Sihombing,
2017). Therefore, sharing information on social media is done to
develop and maintain a relationship, especially among individuals
with a similar view and interest in the shared content (Park et
al., 2012). Past research found that a sense of belonging and trust
is gained when people relate with each other (Lee & Ma, 2012).
Park et al. (2012) found an association between social interaction
and the use of social media. A positive link has been found between
news sharing and socialisation gratification (Lee et al., 2011).
This indicates that people see sharing of news as a suitable way of
preserving and extending their relationship and networks as it
permits them to discuss and relate with friends through posting,
commenting, chatting, and liking news stories which in turn enhance
the sense of belonging (Lee et al., 2011). With regards to
misinformation sharing, Chang et al. (2017) study revealed that
socialisation gratification positively predicted false information
dissemination. The authors reason that their outcome could be
because using social media for socialising is viewed as a way to
converse. As such, recent research found that individuals tend to
believe the information disseminated by friends and family members
more than strangers (Wasserman & Madrid-Morales, 2019). Chang
et al. (2017) found that persons with higher socialising nature
tend to share more on social media. Consistent with this view,
Karnowski et al. (2018) remarked that individual’s news consumption
is now seen as a socially driven act. We, therefore, argue that
individuals who are moved by the stronger desire for social
interaction are more likely to disclose information as well as
share news, including false news. Moreover, amidst the COVID-19
pandemic, many individuals would highly want to share and
contribute to the news, and this may lead to fake news sharing. We
then propose that: H3: Socialisation gratification will be
positively related to sharing fake news pertaining to COVID-19
pandemic.
Pass Time and Fake News Sharing
Pass time has been established to be a significant predictor of
general social media use (Kircaburun et al., 2018). It is defined
as the use of social media platforms to ease tedium and occupy time
(Kircaburun et al., 2018). The connection between pass time and
misinformation sharing has been established in the literature
(Vicario et al., 2016). This indicates that as people make use of
social media to pass the time, their tendency to properly verify a
message before forwarding is less likely to occur. On the other
hand, Thompson et al. (2019) found no link between pass time and
news sharing. While, Choi (2016) revealed that apart from
socialisation, pass time gratification was the most significant
predictor of news sharing behaviour. We, therefore, contend that as
social media users are engaging in passing time with social media
during this total lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, there
is less tendency to verify information on COVID-19 before sharing
and this may lead to sharing fake news. We then propose that: H4:
Pass time gratification will be positively related to sharing fake
news pertaining to COVID-19 pandemic
Information Seeking and Fake News
Sharing
In this study, information seeking is designated as the level to
which news circulated in social media can offer individuals
essential and up-to-date information. Lampos et al. (2020)
accentuated that as the cases of the COVID-19 increase around the
world, there has been a flurry of misleading or false news stories
emerging, as well. This indicates that a great deal of individual
search for information regarding how to cope with the virus, which
could turn out to be untrue. Information seeking has been linked
with using social media for news dissemination (Ma et al., 2013).
It has been established that individuals wish “to be in the know”
result to the reception and propagation of fake news on social
media (Duffy et al., 2019).Supporting this view, it has been shown
that news content on social media is circulated among users that
demonstrate similar interest (Anspach & Carlson, 2018). Once
such content is shared, people could retrieve them quickly at a
subsequent time and when the need arises. A study has associated
information seeking on social media with fake news sharing (Chen,
2014). This could be due to the million unsupervised messages found
on social media that individuals continuously seek to consume. We,
therefore, contend that as people’s movement is restricted due to
the COVID-19 pandemic, and as the cases of the pandemic keep
increasing individuals would seek for information on social
networking sites without much consideration if the content is
accurate or not as far as it contains some suitable way to combat
the virus. They may as well share such information among their
networks, which could increase the wave of fake news and hoaxes
that has already been reported in recent months (Hou et al., 2020;
Huynh, 2020). We thus proposed that:H5: Information seeking
gratification will be positively related to sharing fake news
pertaining to COVID-19 pandemic.
Information sharing and fake news
Evidence has shown that the usage of social media platforms is
accelerating the circulation of false content online (McGonagle,
2017). One possible reason for this could be because sharing news
on social media has become easier as people can take part in the
creation and dissemination of information (Tandoc et al., 2018).
Information sharing stems from the need to offer information to
others (Thompson et al., 2019). Information-sharing behaviour has
been well documented in prior studies (Anspach & Carlson, 2018;
Chen et al., 2015). Chen et al. (2015) revealed that misinformation
circulation is positively associated with the information
dissemination gratification. The same research revealed that people
circulate false stories for informational reasons than for
entertainment. Drawing from this perspective, we contend that due
to the already millions of information on COVID-19 on social media,
sharing misinformation is likely to take place if individuals do
not verify accordingly. We reasoned that at this time of the
pandemic where everyone desires to be a reporter, the tendency of
verifying messages before sharing is unlikely. Therefore, we
proposed that: H6: Information sharing gratification will be
positively related to sharing fake news pertaining to COVID-19
pandemic