- Problem 1 Gibbs Sierra Leone And Titanium 24 Points Josiah Willard Gibbs Jr 1839 1903 Was An American Scientist 1 (54.7 KiB) Viewed 148 times
- Problem 1 Gibbs Sierra Leone And Titanium 24 Points Josiah Willard Gibbs Jr 1839 1903 Was An American Scientist 2 (28.99 KiB) Viewed 148 times
Problem 1 - Gibbs, Sierra Leone, and Titanium (24 points) Josiah Willard Gibbs Jr. (1839-1903) was an American scientist who made important contributions to physics, chemistry, and mathematics. In particular, he introduced the "free energy" thermodynamic function, currently notated as G, which allows for the prediction of spontaneity of chemical and physical processes. Gibbs Jr led secluded life devoted to theoretical science, but his father, Josiah Willard Gibbs Sr., was an active abolitionist, who played an important role in the freeing of 39 African slaves from the ship Amistad in 1840 and securing their eventual return to Sierra Leone, their homeland. Sierra Leone is an independent country now and one the top producers of titanium in the world. Titanium ore contains titanium(IV) oxide, which is converted to titanium metal is a two-step process. In the first step, TiO, is converted to Ticle by heating with solid carbon and chlorine gas. In the second step, Ticle is reduced by magnesium metal . Thermodynamics and Gibbs free energy are important in understanding these modern industrial processes. Thermodynamic Quantities for Selected Substances at 298.15 K (25°C) Substance ΔΗ", λίπα AGL/mol S/mol Substance AH AG /mol S92/mol Tils) 0 30.8 Cís, graphite) 5.7 TIO (s) -944.7 -889.4 CO(g) -110.5 - 137.2 197.9 TICIA) -763.2 -726.8 354.9 Mg(s) 0 0 32.5 TICHO -804.2 -728.1 221.9 MgCl(s) -592.1 89.6 CI(8) 223.0 0 0 0 50.3 -641.6 0 0
a) (6 pts) Using the thermodynamic data above, calculate the values of AH., AGⓇon, and AS run at 25°C for the reaction TiO:(s) + 2C(graphite, s) + 2Cl2(g) → TiCla(B) + 2CO(g) b) (4 pts) Based on the above values, make a graph of AG on VST and predict the range of temperatures in which this reaction is spontaneous under the standard pressure conditions C) (4 pts) Ticl.() is the immediate product of reaction (a). It liquefies upon cooling, Determine the temperature of its liquefaction at 1 atm pressure from the thermodynamic data in the table above. d) (6 pts) Calculate the values of AH, AG® and AS run at 25°C for the reaction TICI41) + 2Mg(s) → Ti(s) + 2MgCl(s). e) (4 pts) Plot Gran VS T for reaction (d) and predict the range of temperatures in which it is spontaneous under the standard pressure conditions.