Answer Happy

2. Associations between variables are straightforward to find but need not be causal. As we have seen, confounders can cause problems. For each case below, give a plausible confounder for the potential causal relationship claimed. Briefly explain why it might be a confounder. (a) Screen time is associated with higher average global temperatures. Screen time causes climate change. (b) People who own private jets are more likely to live longer. Owning a private jet increases your lifespan.

(c) People who spend more time outside are more likely to report a positive mood. Going outside improves your mood. (d) People who spend more time on social media are more likely to have irregular sleep patterns. Social media causes irregular sleep patterns.