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55. The abbreviation EC in an herbicide formulation stands for: a. Electrical conductivity b. Emulsification control c. Emulsifying concentrate d. Esterifying concentrate 56. Those surfactants that react in water and separate into positively charged ions are called: a. anionic b. cationic c. amphoteric d. atomic 67. Which of these surfactants are derived from crop seeds? a. MSOS b. COCs c. ECs d. CSOs 38. The most commonly used surfactants with herbicides are: a. anionic b. cationic c. non-ionic d. ionic 39. NH SO4 is commonly tank-mixed with glyphosate to combat which of these ions in hard water? a. aluminum b. boron c. calcium d. iron 70. The last known herbicide mode of action was introduced approximately how many years ago? b. 20 d. 50 a. 10 c. 40 c. 500 71. An example of a pre-emergence herbicide used in trees and vines in California is: a. Chateau b. Fusilade c. Poast d. Shark 72. The approximate number of herbicide-resistant weeds in the world today is: a. 300 b. 400 d. 600 73. The most common invasive weed in California is: a. Yellow starthistle b. Perennial pepperweed c. Giant reed d. Johnsongrass 74. The label rate of an herbicide is 1-3 qt/ac. Which of these situations may require 3 qt/ac? a. low organic matter soils b. high organic matter soils c. sandy soils d. if you apply before rainfall 75. Which of these elements do some soil microbes use as a source of energy from herbicides? a. nitrogen b. oxygen c. carbon d. hydrogen 76. The moving of herbicide to the vacuole is known as: a. conjugation b. sequestration c. adsorption d. vacuolization 77. In which of these resistance cases would a weed possibly even survive a 32x label rate? a. altered target site resistance b. translocation resistance b. sequestration resistance d. enhanced metabolism resistance 78. Movement of herbicides from the base towards the apex of a plant is called: a. acropetal b. basipetal c. apoplastic d. apexial 79. Glyphosate is a: a. contact herbicide b. systemic herbicide c. PPO inhibitor d. pre-emergent 80. A common source of herbicide-resistant genes is: b. nematodes c. soil microbes d. DNA from tobacco a. pathogens